Background: Female breast cancer (BC) remains the most common cause of total cancer deaths around the world. Several studies have investigated BC biomarkers, but vital circulating biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignancy are still scarce. Thus, finding sensitive, selective and accurate biomarkers is required to get better BC outcome and to prolong patients’ survival. Therefore, this review investigated the feasibility of using circulating trace elements (TEs) as the new promising biological biomarkers for BC diagnosis and prevention. Methods: We systematically searched EMBASE, Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus databases or Web of Science for orginal studies presenting the significant changes in the concentrations of circulating TEs in terms of serum, plasma or blood from female breast cancer patients. Results: The search yielded 2697 articles, of which 39 were considered for this review. The study showed that four essential TEs (Se, Cu, Zn and Mn) significantly decreased when only one essential trace elemnt (Fe) increased consistently, while five toxics circulating TEs (Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, Mo) increased significantly with a significant difference compared to healthy groups. The essential TEs, Se and Cu were reported to decrease the most in fifteen and twenty-one studies, respectively. However, regarding the toxic circulating TEs, Cd and Pb were found to increase most significantly in seven studies. Among the essential TEs, Se and Zn were reported to have the most potential, with Cd and Pb having the most potential for use as new promising biomarkers to diagnose or prevent BC. Conclusion: The findings provide an insight into the TEs circulating biomarkers for early BC diagnosis and prevention. Due to its high heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not assessed; hence, futher investigation may be required on their clinical outcomes in BC with high sensitivity and specificity for accurate therapeutic response.

No abstract

The present study is aimed at investigating the variation of phenolics (bound and free), minerals, and antioxidant potentials of the wild edible fruits (fresh and dry) native from Far North Region of Cameroon. The results showed significant ( p < 0.01 ) differences among fruits and species for all parameters. Bound phenolic content (mgGAE/100 g) of dry fruits (DF) ranged from 95.58 to 407.72; however, the contents were varied from 28.97 to 306.04 in fresh fruits (FF). Free phenolic content varied from 46.43 to 344.73 in DF and fold from 119.54 to 315.79 for those FF. Flavonoids (4.27-256.87 mg QE/100 g), tannins (3.24-63.42 mg CE/100 g), and anthocyanin content (8.65-168.10 mg C3GE/100 g) in fruits varied also significantly in respect with DF and FF. The mineral content analysis indicates that the wild fruits are rich in valuable macro- and trace elements. For antioxidant activities, except high 2.2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity obtained with free phenolics, the bound phenolics of FF and DF had significantly high ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzylthiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity. Furthermore, free and bound phenolic content was highly and positively correlated with ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP activities confirmed by the principal component analysis (F1×F2: 60.17%). The present study revealed that the wild edible fruits of twenty-three species investigated are important sources of bioactive compounds, natural antioxidants, and nutraceutical potential to prevent/to treat chronic diseases which could be benefits for the consumers.

Les radicaux libres étant impliqués dans la genèse de plusieurs maladies, l’intérêt scientifique porté à la recherche d’antioxydants naturels à partir des plantes médicinales a considérablement augmenté ces dernières années. La présente étude vise à déterminer les métabolites secondaires sur la base des réactions de coloration et/ou de précipitations, doser quantitativement ces métabolites secondaires. Les feuilles de Commelina benghalensis ont été utilisées pour les différents tests. Les métabolites secondaires ont été dosés par les méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L’activité antiradicalaire a été évaluée par les tests de réduction du DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) et de l’ABTS (acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonique)). Le pouvoir réducteur vis-à-vis de l’ion ferrique a été également évalué. Les potentiels anti-inflammatoires ont été évalués par la méthode d’inhibition de la dénaturation de l’albumine, l’inhibition de l’hémolyse induite par la chaleur, l’inhibition de l’activité de la protéinase et celle de la lipo-oxygénase. Les tests ont mis en évidence la présence des flavonoïdes, des phénols, des anthraquinones et les glycosides (forte concentration), des saponines (concentration modérée), et alcaloïdes (assez présents) et une absence des tanins et des terpénoïdes. Le dosage quantitatif a mis en évidence une dominance des polyphénols totaux (74,13mgEAG/g d’extrait) et des flavonoïdes (61,27mgER/g d’extrait). L’extrait a montré une importante activité antioxydante à piéger le radical libre DPPH (PI = 65,03%) et à réduire le fer ferrique Fe3+ en fer ferreux Fe2+ (PI = 50,68%). Le présent travail a également prouvé l’activité anti-hémolytique (126,79±1,28 pour l’extrait aqueux contre 82,49±1,35 pour le Diclofenac) et anti-dénaturante des protéines des différents extraits des feuilles de C. benghalensis (62,32±1,02 pour l’extrait aqueux contre 53,29±0,46 pour le Diclofenac). L’activité antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Commelina benghalensis mise en évidence dans cette étude pourrait justifier l’utilisation de cette plante dans le soin de l’hypertension artérielle. As free radicals are involved in the genesis of several diseases, scientific interest in the search for natural antioxidants from medicinal plants has increased considerably in recent years. The present study aims to determine the secondary metabolites on the basis of staining and/or precipitation reactions, to quantitatively assay these secondary metabolites. The leaves of Commelina benghalensis were used for the different tests. The secondary metabolites were determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) reduction tests.) The reducing power towards ferric ion was also evaluated. Anti-inflammatory potentials were evaluated by the method of inhibition of albumin denaturation, inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis, inhibition of proteinase activity and lipo-oxygenase activity. The tests showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones and glycosides (high concentration), saponins (moderate concentration), and alkaloids (quite present) and an absence of tannins and terpenoids. The quantitative assay showed a dominance of total polyphenols (74.13mgEAG/g extract) and flavonoids (61.27mgER/g extract). The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH free radical (PI = 65.03%) and reducing ferric iron Fe3+ to ferrous iron Fe2+ (PI = 50.68%). The present work also proved the anti-hemolytic (126.79±1.28 for aqueous extract versus 82.49±1.35 for Diclofenac) and protein denaturant activity of the different extracts of C. benghalensis leaves (62.32±1.02 for aqueous extract versus 53.29±0.46 for Diclofenac). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Commelina benghalensis highlighted in this study could justify the use of this plant in the care of arterial hypertension.

Abstract. Diguir M, Laya A, Wangso H, Bayang JP, Koubala BB. 2021. Physicochemical composition of some new craft beers consumed in Maroua town from Far North region of Cameroon. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 19: 70-80. The work aimed to investigate the physicochemical composition of various craft beers (CB) and their distillates produced in Maroua town. The beers named “Bil-Bil”,“Cochette” and “Furdu" were collected both morning and evening time. Dry matter, pH, titratable acid, total dissolved solids, proteins, sugars, carbohydrates, amino acids and alcohol content were evaluated. The results showed that local beers had a pH ranged from 4.06 to 4.22, 4.15 to 3.84 and 3.53 to 3.37 for "Furdu", "Cochette" and “Bil-bil”, respectively. The alcohol varied between 5.40 and 6.92%, 1.08 and 5.10%, 1.73 and 2.88 for “Furdu”, “Cochette" and "Bil-bil", respectively. The sugars ranged from 11.85 to 19.05 mg/mL for “Furdu”, from 2.20 to 9.46 mg/mL for “Cochette” and from 9.92 to 19.78 mg/mL for "Bil-bil". For amino acids, the values varied from 3.40 to 7.37 mg /mL for “Furdu”, 3.98 to 6.01 mg / mL for “Cochette” and 2.95 to 3.24 mg/mL for “Bil-Bil”. Regarding protein, the values ranged from 0.80 to 0.85 mg/mL for these three CB. The distillates of CB collected evening showed high alcohol in fraction 1. Thus, these CB analysed can be promoted for alternative beer in Maroua town. Furthermore, the unsold CB can be distilled into ethanol.