Cardiovascular effects of shock and trauma in experimental models. A review

Abstract

Experimental models of human pathology are useful guides to new approaches towards improving clinical and surgical treatments. A systematic search through PubMed using the syntax (shock) AND (trauma) AND (animal model) AND (cardiovascular) AND ("2010/01/01"[PDat]: "2015/12/31"[PDat]) found 88 articles, which were reduced by manual inspection to 43 entries. These were divided into themes and each theme is subsequently narrated and discussed conjointly. Taken together, these articles indicate that valuable information has been developed over the past 5 years concerning endothelial stability, mesenteric lymph, vascular reactivity, traumatic injuries, burn and sepsis. A surviving interest in hypertonic saline resuscitation still exists.

Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Case Report

“…However, the rate of spinal cord damage is reported to be 5-10% after dissecting aneurysm and 5-80% in non-stenotic disease of the descending aorta [ 3 ] . Paraplegia after CABG is a very rare condition and just a small number of reports are available [ 1 , 4 - 7 ] . Spinal cord ischemia or infarction seems the most probable causes [ 2 ] .…”

“…The reason of ischemia and infarction is still speculative. Risk factors of spinal cord infarction include perioperative or intraoperative hypotension, use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), manipulation of the aorta, and medulla collateral circulation blockage and spinal cord lesions (such as intervertebral disk herniation and iatrogenic injuries during regional anesthetic blockage) [ 1 ] . We used general anesthesia for operation and aorta was manipulated just for manual examination of grafting areas.…”

“…Adamkiewicz supplies the T9 to L2 spinal levels. Internal thoracic mammary artery, used in CABG, is considered as a collateral supplier of the artery of Adamkiewicz and has been accused for cause of spinal infarction in some papers [ 1 , 2 , 9 ] . Studies established few ways to reduce risk of postoperative paraplegia, including perioperative cerebrospinal fluid drainage [ 10 ] , local hypothermia [ 11 ] and steroids [ 12 ] , but still there is no unanimity regarding the best method to decreased incidence of postoperative paraplegia.…”

“…Neurological complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are usually severe [ 1 ] . Paraplegia is a very rare complication of CABG.…”

Exploring Vascular Function Biomarkers: Implications for Rehabilitation

“…The endothelium is the first line of defense of end-organs against external aggression and plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis [ 1 ] . Endothelial cells control vascular function by responding to various hormones, neurotransmitters and vasoactive factors which affect vasomotion, thrombosis, platelet aggregation and inflammation [ 2 ] .…”