Carbonization mechanisms resulting from intumescence-part II. Association with an ethylene terpolymer and the ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant system

Bourbigot, Serge; Bras, Michel Le; Delobel, René; Bréant, Patrice; Trémillon, Jean-Michel

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)00131-i

Cited by 260 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The ratio P1:P2 is higher for C2P compared to C1P; since metaphosphate groups are less acidic [48], this along with the lower amount of carboxylic acids accounts for the higher acidity of C2P over C1P.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Similarly carboxylic groups can be also removed and replaced by quinone or pyrone type oxygen [47]. Moreover, if acidity is related to the presence of phosphorus in the form of phosphate/pyrophosphates that phosphorus can get reduced by carbon during activation leading to the formation of less acidic metaphosphate groups [48].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since phosphorus groups likely do not exist without bonds with oxygen [48], that oxygen, owing to its polarity and contribution to specific interactions does not remain without any influence on the amount adsorbed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of phosphorus in carbon matrix in desulfurization of diesel fuel using adsorption process

Seredych

Wu²,

Brender

et al. 2012

Fuel

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Adsorptive removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4, from model diesel fuel with 20 ppmw total concentration of sulfur was investigated on polymerderived carbons with incorporated heteroatoms of oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. The materials before and after exposure to model diesel fuel were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration, XPS and elemental analysis. The selectivities for DBT and DMDBT adsorption were calculated with reference to naphthalene. The results indicated that the presence of phosphorus, especially in the form of pyrophosphates and P 2 O 5 , increases the capacity and selectivity for removal of dibenzothiophenes. It also affects the adsorption mechanism. Phosphorus suppresses oxidation reactions of DBT and DMDBT. Owing to a possible location of bulky phosphorus groups in pore with sizes between 10-30 Å thiophenic molecules are strongly adsorbed there via dispersive forces. Acidic environment also enhances adsorption via acid-base interactions. Physical adsorption mechanism and stability of surface make these carbons attractive candidates for thermal regeneration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of phosphorus in carbon matrix in desulfurization of diesel fuel using adsorption process

Seredych

Wu²,

Brender

et al. 2012

Fuel

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“…According to a former study [20], the first peak could be due to the development of the intumescent protective structure, and the second peak could be assigned to the degradation of this protective layer. In the IFR system, ammonium polyphosphate is used as the acid source; during heating, the poly(phosphoric acid) formed in the degradation of APP provides an acid catalyst for organic reactions [36]. During the heating process of APP, gaseous products (mainly ammonia), make the mixture of the phosphor-carbonaceous residue swollen; this leads to the formation of the intumescent char residue.…”

Section: Cone Calorimeter Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

Huang¹,

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 2010

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this paper, the effects of sepiolite as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), cone calorimeter test (CCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the IFR system mainly consisted of the ammonium polyphosphate modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coupling agent, melamine and dipentaerythritol. The results from the LOI and UL 94 tests show that sepiolite added to the PP/IFR system has a synergistic flame retardant effects with the IFR system. The TGA results reveal that sepiolite enhances the thermal stability of the PP/IFR composite and increases the char residue formation. The cone calorimeter results indicate that the heat release rate, mass loss rate, total heat release and average specific extinction area of the PP/IFR/sepiolite composite decrease in comparison with the PP/IFR composite. The LRS measurements provide useful information on the carbonaceous microstructures. The morphological structures observed by SEM have demonstrated that sepiolite promote the formation of the reinforced and homogeneous char barrier on the surface of the composites. Simultaneously, the Young's modulus and flexural modulus of the PP/IFR composites are also much better improved with the increase of sepiolite added.

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“…These additives play an important role in forming a carbonaceous char. The reaction process of the IFR system was extensively studied in 1980s and 1990s by Bourbigot et al (1993Bourbigot et al ( , 1995 and Camino et al (1984a,b,c,d;1985a,b). Most of the investigations focused on the IFR system in polyolefins (Camino et al 1984a,b,c,d;1985a,b;Delobel et al 1993;Bourbigot et al 2004;Xia et al 2014), and the optimal APP/PER ratio (weight ratio of APP-to-PER) for the flame retardancy of the polymer matrix was proposed in several studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pentaerythritol on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composite System

Wang¹,

Peng²,

Zhang³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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Intumescent, flame-retarding wood-flour/polypropylene composites (WPCs) having different ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol (APP/PER) ratios (4/1, 3/1, and 2/1) were prepared in this study. The thermal degradation behavior, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the composites were tested. Moreover, the residues of the WPCs were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the flame retardancy mechanism was investigated. The results showed that WPC/APP/PER exhibited higher thermal stability in the high temperature region and left much more char residue than WPC/APP, according to thermogravimetric analysis. Limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry tests showed that the addition of PER improved the flame retardancy of the WPCs, especially when APP/PER ratio was 3/1. However, because of the poor compatibility with the composite matrix and uneven dispersion in the WPCs, the incorporation of PER decreased the mechanical performance of WPCs obviously.

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Carbonization mechanisms resulting from intumescence-part II. Association with an ethylene terpolymer and the ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant system

Cited by 260 publications

References 15 publications

Role of phosphorus in carbon matrix in desulfurization of diesel fuel using adsorption process

Role of phosphorus in carbon matrix in desulfurization of diesel fuel using adsorption process

Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene

Effect of Pentaerythritol on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composite System

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