Carbonic Anhydrase as Pollution Biomarker: An Ancient Enzyme with a New Use

Abstract

The measurement of cellular and sub-cellular responses to chemical contaminants (referred to as biomarkers) in living organisms represents a recent tool in environmental monitoring. The review focuses on carbonic anhydrase, a ubiquitous metalloenzyme which plays key roles in a wide variety of physiological processes involving CO2 and HCO3−. In the last decade a number of studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of this enzyme to pollutants such as heavy metals and organic chemicals in both humans and wildlife. The review analyses these studies and discusses the potentiality of this enzyme as novel biomarker in environmental monitoring and assessment.

Quantitative Determination of Lethal Concentration Lc50 of Atrazine on Biochemical Parameters; Total Protein and Serum Albumin of Freshwater Fish Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…Its utilization is controversial worldwide, as it is currently banned in Europe but not in the U.S. and other countries [15]. Different studies have been conducted on atrazine's effects on fish, as in ATZ affecting hematological parameters, locomotor activity, immune response, metabolism, oxidative stress, osmoregulatory disturbance and reproduction [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. So in accordance with these effects, the present study was conducted having aims and objectives, to scrutinized the toxicological impinge of atrazine on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following acute and chronic toxicity via undertaking the evaluation of biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin.…”

Comparative Study of Toxicological Impinge of Glyphosate and Atrazine (Herbicide) on Stress Biomarkers; Blood Biochemical and Hematological Parameters of the Freshwater Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…Strong evidence shows negative outcomes from glyphosate exposure, including neurological and birth defects, fetal death, and neurodevelopment [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Different studies have been conducted on atrazine effects on fish, including ATZ effects on hematological parameters, locomotor activity, immune response, metabolism, oxidative stress, osmoregulatory disturbance and reproduction [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Enzymatic Profile Aactivity of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) After Exposure to the Pollutant Named Atrazine (Herbicide)

“…When ATZ was first released for agricultural use it was thought that since photosynthesis is limited to plants it would only harm plants and be harmless to animals, but it can also affect animals by different means [12]. Different studies have been conducted on atrazine's effect on fish, including hematological parameters, locomotor activity, immune response, metabolism, oxidative stress, osmoregulatory disturbance, and reproduction, which indicates that fish can serve as bioindicators of environmental pollution and therefore can be used to assess the quality of an aquatic environment because they are directly exposed to chemicals resulting from agricultural production via surface runoff or indirectly through the food chain of an ecosystem [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. So in accordance with these previous studies, the present study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of atrazine on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following acute toxicity exposure (for 01, 02, 03, and 04 days) by evaluating the enzymatic profile, including LDH, CPK, SGPT, and Alk Phosp.…”