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Polyphenols with iron supplement exert variable effects on key players of iron homeostasis in iron deficiency anemia.

RANKL and RANK are potential contributors of inflammatory cascade in human and animal model of arthritis. The current study aims to investigate the effect of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide (NA-2) on regulation of RANKL pathway in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rats. CIA was induced using bovine type II collagen in female Wistar rats. The clinical parameters, level of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured to determine the progression of the disease. The mRNA level of RANKL and RANK and downstream mediators of inflammation i.e. c-fos, c-jun, NF-κB and Akt were analysed in spleen tissue using real-time PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of iNOS, pAkt and c-Fos was also done in spleen tissue. Treatment with NA-2 and indomethacin showed increase in body weight and significant reduction in paw volume and arthritic score (p < 0.0001). Marked reduction in the level of oxidative stress markers, NO, PO and GSH (p < 0.0001), and pro-inflammatory markers, IL-1β (p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (p < 0.01), was also observed. Likewise, NA-2 and indomethacin treatment also significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of RANKL, RANK, c-fos, c-jun, NF-κB (p < 0.0001) and Akt (p < 0.01) and protein expression of iNOS, pAkt and c-Fos (p < 0.0001) compared to the arthritic control group. Our findings suggest that NA-2 is an antiarthritic agent acting in a pleiotropic manner in CIA rats by not only reducing the clinical signs of arthritis, inflammatory cytokines and free radical production but also attenuating the RANK/RANKL signaling pathway.

The purpose of the present study was to scrutinize the effect of glyphosate and atrazine (herbicide) on blood biochemical and hematological parameters of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio), including plasma glucose (RBS), cholesterol (CH), serum protein (SP), creatinine phosphates (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), WBC, hemoglobin (Hb), platelets (PT), lymphocytes (LP), monocytes (MT), esinophils (EN), and neutrophils (NT), and on behavioral aspects for (24, 48, 72, 96) hours under doses of (0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.02) and (0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05)mlL-1 respectively of glyphosate and atrazine. For analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters, the protocol of biochemical analyzer set (Merck Micro Lab 300 biochemistry analyzer) and hematological analyzer (Mindray BC-2300 Hematology Analyzer) was followed in the laboratory. An upturn in RBS, CH, and WBC concentration was observed while SP, LDH, LT, MT, and EP concentrations were decreased against both herbicides. CPK and Hb concentrations were increased against atrazine, while against glyphosate the concentrations were decreased. PT and NT showed momentous upturn in concentrations against glyphosate, while showing a decline against atrazine. Both herbicides affected the blood biochemical and hematological parameters of the selected fish. Behaviorally, changes were observed

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Objective: To find the correlation between serum vitamin B12 levels in metformin users among type-2 diabetics.Study Design: Cross-sectional Study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Medicine of Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from April 2021 to September 2021.Materials and Methods: Using a consecutive sampling technique, patients were selected from both outdoor and indoor medical health facility Blood tests were performed on all patients and serum vitamin B12 level was assessed, a level less than 200 pg/ml was considered deficient. The comparison was made among patients taking metformin and those not on metformin.Results: 148 patients were enrolled, consisting of an equal proportion of cases and controls i.e. 74 patients in each group, with a mean age of 44.09± 10.61 and 46.15± 10.64 respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency was found more in metformin user group 34 (45.94%) than in patients not on metformin 11 (14.86%) (p<0.001). The odd ratio was 4.87 (95% CI is 2.22 – 10.69).Conclusion: Metformin users taking at least 1000mg daily of minimum one-year duration experienced significant reductions in blood vitamin B12 levels as compared to patients not using metformin. A serum vitamin B12 test needs to be performed on regular basis after every three months in type-2 diabetic patients taking metformin of more than 1 gram daily for more than a year.