Carbonate-related parameters of subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas

Diversity and community structure of pelagic cnidarians in the Celebes and Sulu Seas, southeast Asian tropical marginal seas

“…eudoxid stages collected at depth in the Sulu Sea, the siphonophore Family Clausophyidae was completely absent from this basin, while all five clausophyid genera were found in the mesopelagic zone of the neighbouring Celebes Sea, and are common in the South China Sea and surrounding tropical and temperate areas (Alvariño, 1974;Zhang, 1984;Gao et al, 2002). The lack of polygastric stages seems to indicate the absence of a (Quadfasel et al, 1990;Chen et al, 2006;Spintall et al, 2012). These colder waters rapidly mix with warmer, more saline waters in the shallow eastern edge of the Sulu Sea; there have been no records of unaltered Pacific water masses in the Sulu Sea (Tessler et al, 2010;Spintall et al, 2012).…”

Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of nitrous oxide in the South China Sea and the West Philippines Sea

“…Whereas waters that are deeper than 2200 m in the WPS cannot enter the SCS. Consequently, waters deeper than 2200 m in the SCS are relatively homogeneous, with hydrochemical properties that are similar to those of the water at 2200 m in the WPS (Chen et al, 2006).…”

“…The surface and intermediate waters are exchanged freely between the SCS and the WPS, and the deep water below 1350 m flows into the SCS from the WPS (Chen et al, 2001). However, waters at depths of greater than 2200 m in the WPS, including the Pacific Deep Water and the Antarctic Bottom Water, cannot enter the SCS (Chen et al, 2001(Chen et al, , 2006. The intermediate and deep SCS waters above 2200 m mix with the WPS water, which has a lower N 2 O concentration, so the N 2 O concentration gradually decreases with increasing depth beyond the N 2 O maximum but remains constant at depths in excess of 2200 m. In the SCS, some sampling stations close to the continental slope have high N 2 O concentrations (N 2 O 4 32 nmol L À 1 ; Fig.…”

Air–sea exchanges of CO<sub>2</sub> in the world's coastal seas

“…Restated, mixing with open ocean waters with low pCO 2 causes the pCO 2 of river water with high pCO 2 to be reduced to below saturation. Notably, open ocean waters at high latitudes are frequently undersaturated, and open ocean waters at low latitudes are frequently supersaturated (Takahashi et al, 2002;Kaltin et al, 2002;Kaltin and Anderson, 2005;Chen et al, 2006aChen et al, , b, 2008aCiais et al, 2008). Therefore, mixing with open ocean waters at high latitudes helps shelf waters become undersaturated, whereas mixing with open ocean waters at low latitudes frequently yields shelf waters that are still supersaturated (Hidalgo-Gonzalez et al, 1997;Ito et al, 2005;Cai et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2008aChen et al, , 2012.…”