“…In Monterey Bay, Atolla is also found below the OMZ 80 and the vertical migration behavior observed here is known for the genus Atolla in other regions 81 , 82 . Little data is available on Bargmannia siphonophores and while our data suggest that this genus migrates vertically, as also observed in the western Pacific 83 , more observations are needed to confirm this behaviour in the ETNA. The observed munnopids are likely too few to draw conclusions on migration.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 49%
“…Low respiration rates have been measured for Colobonema and Halitrephes maasi 33 and Colobonema was also found within the OMZ during net catches coincident with the present PELAGIOS data 61 . In two locations in the tropical western Pacific, Haliscera conica has a mean vertical distribution depth of about 700 m, (oxygen levels of around 111.65 µmol kg −1 and less than 89.32 µmol kg −1 ) 64 .…”
Distribution patterns of fragile gelatinous fauna in the open ocean remain scarcely documented. Using epi-and mesopelagic video transects in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, which features a mild but intensifying midwater oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), we established one of the first regional observations of diversity and abundance of large gelatinous zooplankton. We quantified the day and night vertical distribution of 46 taxa in relation to environmental conditions. While distribution may be driven by multiple factors, abundance peaks of individual taxa were observed in the OMZ core, both above and below the OMZ, only above, or only below the OMZ whereas some taxa did not have an obvious distribution pattern. In the eastern eropical North Atlantic, OMZ expansion in the course of global climate change may detrimentally impact taxa that avoid low oxygen concentrations (Beroe, doliolids), but favour taxa that occur in the OMZ (Lilyopsis, phaeodarians, Cydippida, Colobonema, Haliscera conica and Halitrephes) as their habitat volume might increase. While future efforts need to focus on physiology and taxonomy of pelagic fauna in the study region, our study presents biodiversity and distribution data for the regional epi- and mesopelagic zones of Cape Verde providing a regional baseline to monitor how climate change may impact the largest habitat on the planet, the deep pelagic realm.
“…In Monterey Bay, Atolla is also found below the OMZ 80 and the vertical migration behavior observed here is known for the genus Atolla in other regions 81 , 82 . Little data is available on Bargmannia siphonophores and while our data suggest that this genus migrates vertically, as also observed in the western Pacific 83 , more observations are needed to confirm this behaviour in the ETNA. The observed munnopids are likely too few to draw conclusions on migration.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 49%
“…Low respiration rates have been measured for Colobonema and Halitrephes maasi 33 and Colobonema was also found within the OMZ during net catches coincident with the present PELAGIOS data 61 . In two locations in the tropical western Pacific, Haliscera conica has a mean vertical distribution depth of about 700 m, (oxygen levels of around 111.65 µmol kg −1 and less than 89.32 µmol kg −1 ) 64 .…”
Distribution patterns of fragile gelatinous fauna in the open ocean remain scarcely documented. Using epi-and mesopelagic video transects in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, which features a mild but intensifying midwater oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), we established one of the first regional observations of diversity and abundance of large gelatinous zooplankton. We quantified the day and night vertical distribution of 46 taxa in relation to environmental conditions. While distribution may be driven by multiple factors, abundance peaks of individual taxa were observed in the OMZ core, both above and below the OMZ, only above, or only below the OMZ whereas some taxa did not have an obvious distribution pattern. In the eastern eropical North Atlantic, OMZ expansion in the course of global climate change may detrimentally impact taxa that avoid low oxygen concentrations (Beroe, doliolids), but favour taxa that occur in the OMZ (Lilyopsis, phaeodarians, Cydippida, Colobonema, Haliscera conica and Halitrephes) as their habitat volume might increase. While future efforts need to focus on physiology and taxonomy of pelagic fauna in the study region, our study presents biodiversity and distribution data for the regional epi- and mesopelagic zones of Cape Verde providing a regional baseline to monitor how climate change may impact the largest habitat on the planet, the deep pelagic realm.
“…temperature, chlorophyll, oxygen). Temperature has been hypothesized to impose physiological limits to the dispersal of some clausophyid siphonophores (Grossmann et al, 2015). Since most of our specimens were sampled only in the Monterey Bay region, our analyses of the local oceanographic and depth distribution data cannot disentangle the effects of these different variables on the vertical distributions.…”
Siphonophores are a diverse group of hydrozoans (Cnidaria) that are found at most depths of the ocean - from the surface, like the familiar Portuguese man of war, to the deep sea. They play important roles in ocean ecosystems, and are among the most abundant gelatinous predators. A previous phylogenetic study based on two ribosomal RNA genes provided insight into the internal relationships between major siphonophore groups. There was, however, little support for many deep relationships within the clade Codonophora. Here, we present a new siphonophore phylogeny based on new transcriptome data from 29 siphonophore species analyzed in combination with 14 publicly available genomic and transcriptomic datasets. We use this new phylogeny to reconstruct several traits that are central to siphonophore biology, including sexual system (monoecy vs. dioecy), gain and loss of zooid types, life history traits, and habitat. The phylogenetic relationships in this study are largely consistent with the previous phylogeny, but we find strong support for new clades within Codonophora that were previously unresolved. These results have important implications for trait evolution within Siphonophora, including favoring the hypothesis that monoecy arose at least twice.
“…4.Distribution/records of Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni and Mica micula based on available data (from Hardy & Gunther, 1935; Alvarino, 1971; Pagès & Gili, 1989; Alvarino et al , 1990; Margulis, 1992; Pagès & Kurbjeweit, 1994; Pagès et al , 1994; Pakhomov et al , 1994; Pagès & Schnack-Schiel, 1996; Palma & Rosales, 1997; Pugh et al , 1997; Pagès & Orejas, 1999; Palma & Aravena, 2001; Fuentes et al , 2008; Panasiuk-Chodnicka & Żmijewska, 2010; Toda et al , 2010, 2014; Grossmann et al , 2013b; Guerrero et al , 2013; Lindsay et al , 2014; Panasiuk-Chodnicka et al , 2014); size of the circle indicates the frequency of records.Fig. 5.Distribution/records of Bargmannia elongata based on available data (from Alvarino, 1963, 1971; Margulis, 1980, 1992; Alvarino et al , 1990; Pugh, 1999a; Dunn, 2005; Lindsay, 2006; Hosia et al , 2008; Mapstone, 2009; Pugh & Gasca, 2009; Grossmann et al , 2015); with data from GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) and OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information system).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Distribution/records of Bargmannia elongata based on available data (from Alvarino, 1963, 1971; Margulis, 1980, 1992; Alvarino et al , 1990; Pugh, 1999a; Dunn, 2005; Lindsay, 2006; Hosia et al , 2008; Mapstone, 2009; Pugh & Gasca, 2009; Grossmann et al , 2015); with data from GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) and OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information system).…”
Based on some coincident morphological characters and distribution, it was believed for a long time thatMica miculawas the post-larval stage of a species ofBargmannia, a genus having a very wide geographic distribution. Recent studies, however, have shown that it is much more likely to be the post-larval form of the physonectPyrostephos vanhoeffeni, which is very common in both Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters. Until now, molecular evidence to support this theory has been lacking. In the present study 34 nectophores ofP. vanhoeffeniand four colonies ofM. miculacollected from three areas in the Southern Ocean were analysed for the 16S rRNA gene. Five haplotypes were identified, which formed two clearly distinct lineages. Three haplotypes were found exclusively in Admiralty Bay and were shared between individuals of both studied taxa, confirming thatM. miculais indeed the post-larval stage ofP. vanhoeffeni. Two additional haplotypes were found in one open ocean locality and in Admiralty Bay.
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