Carbon nanotubes versus polyaniline nanoparticles; which transducer offers more opportunities for designing a stable solid contact ion-selective electrode

Facile fabrication of a portable PANI-NFs/c-MWCNT nano-composite electrochemical sensor for gefitinib: application to human plasma

“…52 Incorporating ion to electron transducer materials increases the electrical signals' stability, decreases the potential drift, and enhances the reproducibility of the potentiometric response due to their superb chemical and electrical properties. 53 The hydrophobicity of these materials prevents or reduces the formation of an aqueous layer at the electrode/membrane interface. This water film's presence irreversibly worsens the sensors' potential stability and sensitivity because they act as reservoirs for primary ions that diffuse throughout the conditioning and may leach into the dilute sample during the measurements.…”

“…52 The nanostructured nature of PANI-NFs and MWCNTs provides a large surface area to the sensing membrane, which develops a large double capacitance layer that promotes the ion to electron transduction process – leading to a short response time – and stabilizes the potential. 53 They act as an asymmetric capacitor with electrons (holes) in the walls of MWCNTs or through the polymer chain in the PANI-NFs on one side and the primary ions of the sensing membrane on the other side. 53 The performance of the developed sensors was evaluated by deposition of different ions onto the electron transducers such as the PANI conducting polymer (Table S1,† sensors 1–21), c-MWCNTs (Table S1,† sensor 22), and PANI-NFs/c-MWCNT nano-composite (Table S1,† sensor 23) over the surface of the GCE before depositing the PVC sensing membrane.…”

“…53 They act as an asymmetric capacitor with electrons (holes) in the walls of MWCNTs or through the polymer chain in the PANI-NFs on one side and the primary ions of the sensing membrane on the other side. 53 The performance of the developed sensors was evaluated by deposition of different ions onto the electron transducers such as the PANI conducting polymer (Table S1,† sensors 1–21), c-MWCNTs (Table S1,† sensor 22), and PANI-NFs/c-MWCNT nano-composite (Table S1,† sensor 23) over the surface of the GCE before depositing the PVC sensing membrane. The PANI-NFs were chemically synthesized over the prepared c-MWCNTs to form the nano-composite PANI-NFs/c-MWCNTs, as mentioned in Section 2.4.1.…”

Novel solid-contact ion-selective electrode based on a polyaniline transducer layer for determination of alcaftadine in biological fluid

“…To enhance electrical signal stability of SC-ISEs many ion-toelectron transducers have been introduced such as solidcontact functional materials for instance; conductive polymers (CPs), [16][17][18][19][20] and nanomaterials. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Addition of these materials improved sensors robustness and reliability, while being calibrated and maintenance free. In comparison to the classical liquid contact, SC-ISEs polymeric membrane achieved the following properties; they become easier in design, more exible and compatible with modern 3D printing and can be miniaturized.…”

Determination of Tedizolid Phosphate Using Graphene Nanocomposite Based Solid Contact Ion Selective Electrode; Green Profile Assessment by Eco‐scale and GAPI Approach

“…This water layer affects the diffusion and equilibrium processes by acting as an electrolytes reservoir upon changing the composition of the samples and delays the proper interaction between the sensing layers [5,6]. Different transducer interlayers have been investigated to limit the aqueous layer formation and improve electron transfer process; such as conducting polymers (CPs) [7,8], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [9][10][11][12][13], hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles [14], and graphene (GR) preparations [15][16][17][18].…”