Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications

Eatemadi, Ali; Daraee, Hadis; Karimkhanloo, Hamzeh; Kouhi, Mohammad; Zarghami, Nosratollah; Akbarzadeh, Abolfazl; Abasi, Mozhgan; Hanifehpour, Younes; Joo, Sang Woo

doi:10.1186/1556-276x-9-393

Cited by 934 publications

(473 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…The Young's modulus, the Poisson's ratio and the density of Al-alloy taken in this paper are respectively; = 70 GPa, = 0.33 and = 2700 Kg/m 3 [19] while the Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio of the homogenized graphene sheet that constitute the SWNT are determined by the author using a homogenization method based on the energy equivalence and have been found to be 2520 GPa and 0.25, respectively [7]. The density of the armchair SWNT with chiral index of (10, 10) is 1330 Kg/m 3 [20]. A mean field homogenization scheme named two-level (M-T/M-T) is selected to predict the mechanical properties of SWNT/Al-alloy composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free vibration of functionally graded SWNT reinforced aluminum alloy beam

Selmi¹,

Bisharat²

2018

J. vibroeng.

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Abstract. Aluminum alloy (Al-alloy) reinforced with Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), which represents an important industrial application, is studied. Different beam theories (BT) are applied to investigate functionally graded (FG) beams made of Al-alloy reinforced with randomly oriented, straight and long SWNT. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to estimate the beam frequencies. First, the Mori-Tanak (M-T) homogenization technique is used to predict the effective material properties of the beams. Second, results from BT are verified against finite element (FE) simulations. Next, a parametric study is carried out in order to investigate the influence of SWNT volume fractions, SWNT distributions and beam edge-to-thickness ratios on the vibration behavior of the FG beam. Results demonstrate the important effect of the studied parameters on the dynamic behavior of the FG SWNT reinforced Al-alloy composite beams.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free vibration of functionally graded SWNT reinforced aluminum alloy beam

Selmi¹,

Bisharat²

2018

J. vibroeng.

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“…Comparing their properties to those of other polymers, the high tensile strength, excellent flexibility and low density render CNTs ideal for the production of light materials but with high mechanical resistance 6 . The diameter of single-walled CNTs ranges from 0.7 to 1.5 nm, similar to the size of collagen fibers, a fact that renders these nanotubes a promising material to be used for the nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite 5 . The interest in CNTs has been growing because of their ability to induce and conduct Hydroxyapatite is another widely used product because it permits the phenotypic expression of bone cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for application in bone regeneration because of their mechanical and electrical properties 5 . These tubes are composed of sp 2 carbon atoms and their length is thousands of times larger than their diameter, a fact making them one of the strongest materials known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo Study of the Osteoregenerative Potential of Polymer Membranes Consisting of Chitosan and Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2017

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Biomaterials with the hydroxyapatite and biopolymers such as chitosan derived of crustaceans are is an alternative for bone repair. Carbon nanotubes have been a focus of interest because they can ameliorate the biomechanical properties of biomaterials. The objective of this study was to evaluate these materials in the repair of cranial defects in rats. The animals were divided in groups: without implant (G1), implanted with the chitosan/carbon nanotube membrane (G2), and chitosan/nanotube membrane mineralized with hydroxyapatite (G3). The animals were sacrificed 5 weeks after surgery and the skulls were removed for analysis of the defect area. The results showed absence of chronic inflammatory and little bone neoformation in the defect area of all groups. In G2 and G3 there was lack of reabsorption of the biomaterial that were encapsulated by connective tissue. In conclusion, the biomaterials were biocompatible, but their specific physicochemical properties did not indicate a considerable osteoregenerative capacity.

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“…[66][67][68] Intrinsic electrical and optical characteristics, as well as the possibility to finely tune physicochemical properties such as size, hydrophobicity, durability, and surface functionalization (chemistry), render them as great candidates for use in biomedical settings. [69][70][71] Therefore, numerous carbonaceous nanomaterial-based scaffolds have been fabricated to be used in tissue or organ constructs and drug delivery systems.…”

Section: Carbonaceous Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating Translational Nanomedicine via Predictive Safety Assessment

et al. 2017

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Extensive research on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has led to the development of numerous nano-based formulations for theranostic purposes. Although some nano-based drug delivery systems already exist on the market, growing numbers of newly designed ENMs exhibit improved physicochemical properties and are being assessed in preclinical stages. While these ENMs are designed to improve the efficacy of current nanobased therapeutic or imaging systems, it is necessary to thoroughly determine their safety profiles for successful clinical applications. As such, our aim in this mini-review is to discuss the current knowledge on predictive safety and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of major ENMs at the developing stage, as well as the necessity of additional long-term toxicological analysis that would help to facilitate their transition into clinical practices. We focus on how the interaction of these nanomaterials with cells would trigger signaling pathways as molecular initiating events that lead to adverse outcomes. These mechanistic understandings would help to design safer ENMs with improved therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings.During the past decades, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been widely used in biomedical applications, such as nanomedicine, bioimaging, and tissue engineering, because of their unique biophysicochemical properties.1,2 With regard to nanomedicine applications, ENMs could be formulated as drug carriers that deliver the therapeutic reagents within the human body and increase their bioavailability and blood circulation half-life.2 Moreover, these nanocarriers could be functionalized to deliver the drug specifically to the desired target tissues (e.g., tumors) and release the payload sustainably over long periods, thereby eliminating the necessity of multiple drug administration and reducing its cytotoxic side effects toward healthy cells.2 In addition to their implementation in drug delivery, ENMs could be used for diagnostic and imaging purposes that would help to monitor the disease and administer the treatment more accurately. 2Past research in nanomedicine has led to the design of various nanomaterial-based therapeutic and diagnostic systems that are being investigated in experimental stages (e.g., in vitro and in vivo) and clinical trials or are commercially available to the corresponding patients (Table 1). Most commercialized nanomaterial-based therapeutic reagents use lipids, proteins, and polymers that could self-assemble and biodegrade with few side effects.3 Because of high biocompatibility of lipids, several commercial liposome-drug formulations have been developed, mostly relying on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids, such as DOXIL, AmBisome, Epaxal, and Inflexal V, and are under clinical trials focusing on various types of disease treatments. 4,5 Polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) also present low toxicity, but their surface functionalization may affect their safety. The most commonly used materials include PEG, ploy(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA...

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Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications

Cited by 934 publications

References 124 publications

Free vibration of functionally graded SWNT reinforced aluminum alloy beam

Free vibration of functionally graded SWNT reinforced aluminum alloy beam

In vivo Study of the Osteoregenerative Potential of Polymer Membranes Consisting of Chitosan and Carbon Nanotubes

Facilitating Translational Nanomedicine via Predictive Safety Assessment

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