Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean: 1. Measurements of the distribution

Keeling, Charles D.; Rakestraw, Norris W.; Waterman, Lee S.

doi:10.1029/jz070i024p06087

Cited by 66 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Sea surface carbon measurements started approximately 50 years ago during International Geophysical Year (1957 -1958) onboard research vessels [21] and [22]. Time series of surface carbon at fixed stations began in the early 1980s in the Atlantic off Bermuda at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and at Hydrostation 'S', and in the Pacific at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) and Ocean Station P in the North East Pacific Ocean.…”

Section: Co 2 Flux Climatologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

Monteiro¹,

Schuster²,

Hood³

et al. 2010

Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society

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SUMMARYThis paper identifies the important advances of the past decade that have delivered high precision pCO 2 observations from ships of opportunity (SOOP), robust decadal climatologies of air-sea CO 2 fluxes, and uniform data through coordinated quality control and inter comparisons activities, along with standardized instrumentation and procedures. The vision for the coming decade is to build on these successes to deliver an annual assessment and understanding of the regional and global trends in CO 2 exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere. The core challenges are the maintenance and expansion of the sampling scales and the development of robust high precision in situ sensors.Highest priorities for the next 10 years for a global sea surface carbon observing system are: to deliver seasonally unbiased annual assessments of the regional and global trends in oceanatmosphere carbon fluxes. These should comprise monthly global flux maps that are used as constraints for atmospheric inversions in order to improve the assessment of the global carbon budget, including the terrestrial component. This will form an important link between the ocean CO 2 community and the global carbon budget assessment activities of the Global Carbon project (GCP) and its inputs to the periodic IPCC assessments. In order to achieve this, the following are necessary: to implement an effective and integrated multiplatform pCO 2 observing network that will reduce uncertainty in regional and global CO 2 flux estimates to ± 10 -15% of the annual mean flux; to advance sensor and instrument development, allowing the density of global surface ocean carbon observing networks to be increased by deployment on additional key SOOP lines, moorings, Lagrangian platforms, gliders and profiling floats. to understand and resolve the biogeochemical and physical mechanisms driving surface carbon, natural and anthropogenic CO 2 air-sea flux variability and long term trend sand a link to ocean acidification by incorporating a robust set of ancillary observations; to strengthen the capabilities of coupled climatecarbon models to forecast changes in the ocean uptake of CO 2 and the effectiveness of CO 2 emission mitigation strategies

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Section: Co 2 Flux Climatologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

Monteiro¹,

Schuster²,

Hood³

et al. 2010

Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society

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show abstract

“…Modern investigation of ocean water pCO 2 started during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), [1957][1958][1959][1960], with the introduction of infrared CO 2 gas analyzer and gas-water equilibrator aboard oceanographic research vessels (Takahashi 1961, Keeling et al 1965, Broecker and Takahashi 1966. Combined with high-accuracy CO 2 -air-gas mixtures made available for the calibrations of the analyzers at sea, the quality of seawater pCO 2 data was greatly improved from that obtained in the pre-World War II era.…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

GLOBAL OCEAN SURFACE WATER PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 DATABASE: MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED DURING 1968–2008 (Version 2008)

Takahashi¹,

Sutherland²,

Kozyr³

2009

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)

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“…Until now, 3 designs of equilibrators, or combination of them, are commonly used: the ''bubble Weiss type'' equilibrator, the ''laminary flow type'' equilibrator and the ''shower type'' equilibrator (Takahashi, 1961;Keeling et al, 1965;Kelley, 1970;Weiss, 1981;Copin-Montegut, 1985;Goyet et al, 1991;Schneider et al, 1992;Poisson et al, 1993;Roberston et al, 1993;Wanninkhof and Thoning, 1993;Goyet and Peltzer, 1994). Ko¨rtzinger et al (1996) have recently proposed a review of these equilibrators and have compared results obtained at sea using two different designs of ''bubble type'' equilibrators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments

2001

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Abstract}A new design of equilibrator for carbon dioxide monitoring in natural waters is described. It consists in a vertical tube filled with marbles through which water is flowing while equilibrating with a closed air circuit. It offers several advantages compared with classical equilibrators, among which is a fast response time (half-life constant % 30 s) and the potential to work in very turbid water. The proposed equilibrator is of particular interest to monitor carbon dioxide in coastal ecosystems, such as estuaries, which are known to be turbid and highly dynamic. Two performance tests and some field results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed system. #

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Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean: 1. Measurements of the distribution

Cited by 66 publications

References 10 publications

A Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

A Global Sea Surface Carbon Observing System: Assessment of Changing Sea Surface CO2 and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

GLOBAL OCEAN SURFACE WATER PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 DATABASE: MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED DURING 1968–2008 (Version 2008)

A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments

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