A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments

Frankignoulle, Michel; Borges, Alberto; Biondo, Renzo

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00369-9

Cited by 106 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…pCO 2 was determined using a plexiglas equilibration chamber filled with glass beads to enhance gas transfer interfaced to an Infrared Gas Analyzer (LICOR Instruments, LI-820) (Frankignoulle et al, 2001;Abril et al, 2014). Briefly, a submersible pump delivered approximately 1.5 L of water per minute flowing from the top to the bottom of the chamber, leaving approximately 0.4 L of internal air headspace.…”

Section: Partial Pressure Of Co 2 and Flux Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

et al. 2017

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A large fraction of the organic carbon derived from land that is transported through inland waters is decomposed along river systems and emitted to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The Amazon River outgasses nearly as much CO 2 as the rainforest sequesters on an annual basis, representing ∼25% of global CO 2 emissions from inland waters. However, current estimates of CO 2 outgassing from the Amazon basin are based on a conservative upscaling of measurements made in the central Amazon, meaning both basin and global scale budgets are likely underestimated. The lower Amazon River, from Óbidos to the river mouth, represents ∼13% of the total drainage basin area, and is not included in current basin-scale estimates. Here, we assessed the concentration and evasion rate of CO 2 along the lower Amazon River corridor and its major tributaries, the Tapajós and Xingu Rivers. Evasive CO 2 fluxes were directly measured using floating chambers and gas transfer coefficients (k 600 ) were calculated for different hydrological seasons. Temporal variations in pCO 2 and CO 2 emissions were similar to previous observations throughout the Amazon (e.g., peak concentrations at high water) and CO 2 outgassing was lower in the clearwater tributaries compared to the mainstem. However, k 600 -values were higher than previously reported upstream likely due to the generally windier conditions, turbulence caused by tidal forces, and an amplification of these factors in the wider channels with a longer fetch. We estimate that the lower Amazon River mainstem emits 0.2 Pg C year −1 within our study boundaries, or as much as 0.48 Pg C year −1 if the entire spatial extent to the geographical mouth is considered. Including these values with updated basin scale estimates and estimates of CO 2 outgassing from small streams we estimate that the Amazon running waters outgasses as much as 1.39 Pg C year −1 , increasing the global emissions from inland waters by 43% for a total of 2.9 Pg C year −1 . These results highlight a large missing gap in basin-scale carbon budgets along the complete continuum of the Amazon River, and likely most other large river systems, that could drastically alter global scale carbon budgets.

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Section: Partial Pressure Of Co 2 and Flux Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

et al. 2017

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“…The pCO 2 in seawater was measured by means of an equilibrator (Frankignoulle et al, 2001) coupled to an infrared analyzer . The system was calibrated routinely with air standards with nominal mixing ratios of 0 and 375 µatm of CO 2 (Air Liquide Belgium).…”

Section: Carbonate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II)

et al. 2008

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Abstract. The influence of seawater carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration on the size distribution of suspended particles (2-60 µm) and on phytoplankton abundance was investigated during a mesocosm experiment at the large scale facility (LFS) in Bergen, Norway, in the frame of the Pelagic Ecosystem CO 2 Enrichment study (PeECE II). In nine outdoor enclosures the partial pressure of CO 2 in seawater was modified by an aeration system to simulate past (∼190 µatm CO 2 ), present (∼370 µatm CO 2 ) and future (∼700 µatm CO 2 ) CO 2 conditions in triplicates. Due to the initial addition of inorganic nutrients, phytoplankton blooms developed in all mesocosms and were monitored over a period of 19 days. Seawater samples were collected daily for analysing the abundance of suspended particles and phytoplankton with the Coulter Counter and with Flow Cytometry, respectively. During the bloom period, the abundance of small particles (<4 µm) significantly increased at past, and decreased at future CO 2 levels. At that time, a direct relationship between the total-surface-to-total-volume ratio of suspended particles and DIC concentration was determined for all mesocosms. Significant changes with respect to the CO 2 treatment were also observed in the phytoplankton community structure. While some populations such as diatoms seemed to be insensitive to the CO 2 treatment, others like Micromonas spp. increased with CO 2 , or showed maximum abundance at present day CO 2 (i.e. Emiliania huxleyi). The strongest response to CO 2 was observed in the abundance of small autotrophic nano-plankton that strongly increased during the bloom in the past CO 2 mesocosms. Together, changes in particle size distribution and phytoplankton community inCorrespondence to: A. Engel (anja.engel@awi.de) dicate a complex interplay between the ability of the cells to physiologically respond to changes in CO 2 and size selection. Size of cells is of general importance for a variety of processes in marine systems such as diffusion-limited uptake of substrates, resource allocation, predator-prey interaction, and gravitational settling. The observed changes in particle size distribution are therefore discussed with respect to biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning.

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“…The offset in temperature was typically 0.5 • C. The accuracy of the pCO 2 measurement by equilibration is estimated to ±2 ppm (cumulated errors on temperature correction and instrument calibration). For further details on the equilibrator design and performance tests refer to Frankignoulle et al (2001). A second IRGA was used to measure atmospheric pCO 2 sampled at the bow of the ship.…”

Section: Whole-system Metabolism Based On Incubationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Borges and Frankignoulle, 2001) and/or biogeochemical (e.g. Frankignoulle et al, 1996Frankignoulle et al, , 2001) factors may also affect O 2 concentration and pCO 2 . For instance, the computation of the CO 2 air-water flux can be critical in the estimation of NEP based on DIC budgets (Gazeau et al, 2005 1 ), especially in coastal environments such as estuaries where simple parameterisations of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed have been shown to be site specific (Borges et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-system metabolism and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Planktonic and benthic incubations (bare andPosidonia oceanica vegetated sediments) were performed at monthly intervals from March 2001 to October 2002 in a seagrass vegetated area of the Bay of Palma (Mallorca, Spain). Results showed a contrast between the planktonic compartment, which was on average near metabolic balance (−4.6±5.9 mmol O 2 m −2 d −1 ) and the benthic compartment, which was autotrophic (17.6±8.5 mmol O 2 m −2 d −1 ). During two cruises in March and June 2002, planktonic and benthic incubations were performed at several stations in the bay to estimate the whole-system metabolism and to examine its relationship with partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU) spatial patterns. Moreover, during the second cruise, when the residence time of water was long enough, net ecosystem production (NEP) estimates based on incubations were compared, over the Posidonia oceanica meadow, to rates derived from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and oxygen (O 2 ) mass balance budgets. These budgets provided NEP estimates in fair agreement with those derived from direct metabolic estimates based on incubated samples over the Posidonia oceanica meadow. Whereas the seagrass community was autotrophic, the excess organic carbon production therein could only balance the planktonic heterotrophy in shallow waters relative to the Correspondence to: F. Gazeau (f.gazeau@nioo.knaw.nl) maximum depth of the bay (55 m). This generated a horizontal gradient from autotrophic or balanced communities in the shallow seagrass-covered areas, to strongly heterotrophic communities in deeper areas of the bay. It seems therefore that, on an annual scale in the whole bay, the organic matter production by the Posidonia oceanica may not be sufficient to fully compensate the heterotrophy of the planktonic compartment, which may require external organic carbon inputs, most likely from land.

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A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments

Cited by 106 publications

References 22 publications

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II)

Whole-system metabolism and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)

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A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments

Cited by 106 publications

References 22 publications

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

Carbon Dioxide Emissions along the Lower Amazon River

Effects of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II)

Whole-system metabolism and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)

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Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II)

Whole-system metabolism and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a Mediterranean Bay dominated by seagrass beds (Palma Bay, NW Mediterranean)