Carbon Dioxide Emissions as an Indicator of Reduction of Negative Externalities Related to Road Motor Vehicle Operation

Abstract

This contribution deals with issues of carbon dioxide emissions generated by road motor vehicles in the Czech Republic and the European Union. We discuss the current need for the introduction of environmental features to the system of taxation of motor vehicles, aiming at the mitigation of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere. The most harmful substance produced during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by motor vehicles is CO 2 , whose emissions are subsequently used as an instrument for green tax reforms in the European Union member states. In this article we defi ne the main EU legal standards regulating harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere as a result of road motor transport. We may cite for instance the Regulation (EC) No. 443/2009 setting CO 2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars. The aim of the European Union is to reduce average emission values of new passenger cars sold in the EU to 130 g CO 2 /km by 2015 and to 95 g CO 2 /km by 2020. Assessment of tax on motor vehicles according to CO 2 emissions shall help fulfi l commitments from the Kyoto Protocol, aiming at the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Valuation of Public Goods: The Case of Emissions from Livestock Holdings in the Czech Republic

“…Nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides require an adequate transformation of the specific constant. (1) Where:…”

“…Due to the possible adjustment to the emission factor, 1 Volatile solids are the organic fraction of total solids in manure that will oxidize and be driven off gas at a temperature of 600°C. which most frequently employ a conversion to a final production unit, but that requires further corrections, particularly in the category of beef, pork and poultry meat, consisting in a conversion of production of slaughter-processed meat to "edible meat" using a fixed coefficient; see, e.g., Lesschen et al (2006).…”

“…The current rate of knowledge derived from scientific publications in the Czech Republic is aimed quite generally to the production of greenhouse gases without sufficient disaggregation to the agricultural sector, see e.g. (Picek et al, 2007), (Exnerová and Cienciala, 2009) or (Andrlík, 2014).…”

A Model of Vignette for Motor Vehicles in the Czech Republic

“…Environmentally friendly vehicles are not exempt from the duty to pay the fee at present. The issues of benefits for environmentally friendly vehicles are examined by Andrlík (2012Andrlík ( , 2014 and Andrlík, Péteriová (2019). As early as in 2008, the Opinion COM(2008) 435 defined the strategy for the internalization of external costs of transport.…”

“…A negative externality originates in the event that a part of the costs generated in connection with motor traffic is transferred to the society, for instance in the form of environmental damage; then the society bears a part of costs of another person's consumption. Such externalities include the risk of traffic accidents and mortality due to the overloaded infrastructure, noise and pollution of the environment (Cnossen, 2005and Andrlík, 2012, 2014. The costs of negative externalities should be internalized by charging vehicles for the use of infrastructure.…”