Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials and Sensing Tools for Wearable Health Monitoring Devices

Abstract

In this manner, sensor technologies have garnered great attention in various fields, including biomedicine, [2][3][4][5] environmental monitoring, [6][7][8][9] smart devices, [10] wearable devices, [11] automobile manufacturing [12] since the semiconductor materials and circuits have been developed. In particular, biosensors are powerful and innovative analytical tools that incorporate biological receptors to recognize biological analytes through either physical or chemical transducers. Primarily, bio-receptors are responsible for identifying and capturing target analytes, and the transducer basically translates biological and chemical information into the detectable signals, which are eventually converted into the concentration of the analyte. [13,14] Considering gold standard methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [15] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategies, [16] biosensors mostly hold crucial features, such as i) short assay time, [17] ii) affordable tools and reagents, [18] iii) portability, [19] and iv) facile use and minimum user interpretation. [20] Nowadays, the applications of biosensors have been leveraged by the advancements of portable and miniaturized platforms. In particular, over the past years, wearable health monitoring devices have notable impact on continuous and real-time monitoring of health parameters, thereby accelerating the deployment of biosensing strategies to daily lives. Besides, non-invasive and ease-of-collecting information supports the benefits of the wearable systems for enhancing the awareness of individuals and communities. [21][22][23] The special features of the mechanically flexible and stable wearable sensors include remarkable means, such as portability, comfortability, light-weight, non-invasive, and reliable performance. To put it simply, wearable sensors are readily attached to skin or organ surfaces through an adhesive tape [24] or microneedles, [25] and because of such easy integrations, several researchers have focused on developing wearable sensors for real-time health monitoring. A wearable sensor is basically composed of some vital elements, including a flexible base material attached to the skin or an organ, a signal transfer electrode, and a biorecognition element. Recently, researchers have concentrated on creating integrated sensors that are able to measure various parameters simultaneously, such as pressure, temperature,The healthcare system has a drastic paradigm shift from centralized care to home-based and self-monitoring strategies; aiming to reach more individuals, minimize workload in hospitals, and reduce healthcare-associated expenses. Particularly, wearable technologies are garnering considerable interest by tracking physiological parameters through motion and activities, and monitoring biochemical markers from sweat, saliva, and tears. Through their integrations with sensors, microfluidics, and wireless communication systems, they allow physicians, family members, or individuals to monitor multiple parameters withou...

Benchmarking a Microfluidic-Based Filtration for Isolating Biological Particles

“…However, only a small volume of samples can be processed with this method, and contamination would notably interfere with their efficiency. , Size-exclusion chromatography usually impedes with prolonged assay time, limited sample volume, and the contamination of similar size particles . Although precipitation-based strategies utilizing polymeric substances hold significant impact in the field, interfering participation agents, molecular assembly/membrane fusion of particles, and coprecipitation of the other particles are still obstacles for this method. , On the other hand, immunoaffinity-based alternatives result in low-yield; highly rely on the antibody quality; and require other integrative systems such as sensor platforms or sophisticated cell counters, hence increasing their cost and hindering their utility in broader applications. ,− …”

Smart Material‐Integrated Systems for Isolation and Profiling of Rare Cancer Cells and Emboli

“…Briefly, smart materials, including aerogel-based polymers, bioconjugates, nanofibers, metal foams, piezoelectric materials, and shape-memory materials, have been utilized in diagnostic devices for this manner. [79][80][81] For example, graphene-a conductive and 2D smart material with a very long periodic carbon honeycomb chain in the horizontal plane [82] -was integrated into a platform to identify and enrich CTCs/CTM as high as 98.15% of efficiency thanks to its high conductance ability. [80] The most widely used physical approaches for the isolation and enrichment of these tumor cells involve size and deformability-based filtration, [71,83] density-gradient centrifugation, [84] and electrical property-based dielectrophoresis (DEP) separation.…”

Conductive Materials with Elaborate Micro/Nanostructures for Bioelectronics

“…Besides, thanks to the unique properties of carbon composite materials, temperature sensors have been widely proposed on the basis of these composites. [60,186] These temperature sensors are characterized by the fact that resistance can decrease (based on a negative temperature coefficient) or increase (based on a positive temperature coefficient) with the increasing temperature. Kim et al reported highly flexible and sensitive temperature sensors based on aligned carbon nanofiber (ACNF) films (Figure 11f).…”