In this manner, sensor technologies have garnered great attention in various fields, including biomedicine, [2][3][4][5] environmental monitoring, [6][7][8][9] smart devices, [10] wearable devices, [11] automobile manufacturing [12] since the semiconductor materials and circuits have been developed. In particular, biosensors are powerful and innovative analytical tools that incorporate biological receptors to recognize biological analytes through either physical or chemical transducers. Primarily, bio-receptors are responsible for identifying and capturing target analytes, and the transducer basically translates biological and chemical information into the detectable signals, which are eventually converted into the concentration of the analyte. [13,14] Considering gold standard methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [15] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategies, [16] biosensors mostly hold crucial features, such as i) short assay time, [17] ii) affordable tools and reagents, [18] iii) portability, [19] and iv) facile use and minimum user interpretation. [20] Nowadays, the applications of biosensors have been leveraged by the advancements of portable and miniaturized platforms. In particular, over the past years, wearable health monitoring devices have notable impact on continuous and real-time monitoring of health parameters, thereby accelerating the deployment of biosensing strategies to daily lives. Besides, non-invasive and ease-of-collecting information supports the benefits of the wearable systems for enhancing the awareness of individuals and communities. [21][22][23] The special features of the mechanically flexible and stable wearable sensors include remarkable means, such as portability, comfortability, light-weight, non-invasive, and reliable performance. To put it simply, wearable sensors are readily attached to skin or organ surfaces through an adhesive tape [24] or microneedles, [25] and because of such easy integrations, several researchers have focused on developing wearable sensors for real-time health monitoring. A wearable sensor is basically composed of some vital elements, including a flexible base material attached to the skin or an organ, a signal transfer electrode, and a biorecognition element. Recently, researchers have concentrated on creating integrated sensors that are able to measure various parameters simultaneously, such as pressure, temperature,The healthcare system has a drastic paradigm shift from centralized care to home-based and self-monitoring strategies; aiming to reach more individuals, minimize workload in hospitals, and reduce healthcare-associated expenses. Particularly, wearable technologies are garnering considerable interest by tracking physiological parameters through motion and activities, and monitoring biochemical markers from sweat, saliva, and tears. Through their integrations with sensors, microfluidics, and wireless communication systems, they allow physicians, family members, or individuals to monitor multiple parameters withou...
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide life-saving support for critically ill patients suffering severe respiratory and/or cardiac failure. However, thrombosis and bleeding remain common and complex problems to manage. Key causes of thrombosis in ECMO patients include blood contact to pro-thrombotic and non-physiological surfaces, as well as high shearing forces in the pump and membrane oxygenator. On the other hand, adverse effects of anticoagulant, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and hyperfibrinolysis are all established as causes of bleeding. Finding safe and effective anticoagulants that balance thrombosis and bleeding risk remains challenging. This review highlights commonly used anticoagulants in ECMO, including their mechanism of action, monitoring methods, strengths and limitations. It further elaborates on existing anticoagulant monitoring strategies, indicating their target range, benefits and drawbacks. Finally, it introduces several highly novel approaches to real-time anticoagulation monitoring methods including sound, optical, fluorescent, and electrical measurement as well as their working principles and future directions for research.
A telescoped approach was developed for the efficient synthesis of methoxybenzene through the generation of an unstable intermediate reagent, based on the Br−Li exchange reaction of p-bromoanisole and n-BuLi, followed by its reaction with water. In the first stage, p-methoxyphenyllithium was synthesized and consumed immediately in the second stage. For this purpose, an integrated glass microfluidic device was fabricated using laser ablation followed by the thermal fusion bonding method. The impact of various parameters, including solvent, reaction time, molar ratio, concentration of reagents, and flow rates were investigated to achieve the highest yield of the desired product, leading to an optimized condition for the synthetic approach. It was found that the yield varies significantly with change in solvent composition. While p-bromoanisole does not react with n-BuLi in pure n-hexane, the existence of a small amount of THF (or 2-MeTHF) in n-hexane facilitates pbromoanisole reaction with n-BuLi. Moreover, the reaction is complete within 1 s by the yield of 95% using the microfluidic device, whereas in a batch system, the best result is obtained in 1 min by the yield of 49%. In addition, the optimal molar ratio of n-BuLi to p-bromoanisole was found to be 1.2. Furthermore, the higher flow rates of the reagents result in a higher yield of the desired product. Finally, under the optimized condition, the generated p-methoxyphenyllithium, by the Br−Li exchange reaction of p-bromoanisole and n-BuLi, was reacted with various electrophiles using the microfluidic device.
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