Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m

Caris, Aline Venticinque; Lira, Fábio Santos; Mello, Marco Túlio de; Oyama, Lila M.; Santos, Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli dos

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.019

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, carbohydrate supplementation restored the IL-6 concentration after recovery. Our results are consistent with a recent study by Caris et al [13], in which changes in the IL-6 concentration were reversed after 2 h recovery at 4500 m following exercise and recovery combined with the consumption of 8% maltodextrin every 20 min.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…A similar response was found in the study by Caris et al [13] and suggests that the supplementation used in our study has a similar effect in hypoxia and normoxia as confirmed by previous studies [45]. This result contrasts with the decrease of 41% in the IL-2/IL-4 ratio found after recovery under the hypoxic condition without supplementation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…There was no change in serum TNF-α under hypoxic conditions, which can be explained by the increase of IL-6 that inhibits TNF-α production [34]. These results are consistent with the study by Caris et al [13], who found similar changes after exercise at 70% VO 2peak in hypoxia simulation at 4500 m. In addition, Blegen et al [35] tested two exercise intensities (40% VO 2 max and 60% VO 2 max) for 60 min in both normoxic (PiO 2 = 20.94%) and hypoxic (PiO 2 = 14.65%, equivalent ~4000 m) conditions and found no difference in TNF-α expression. Interestingly, for the carbohydrate supplemented condition, the increase in IL-6 during exercise did not reverse the increase of TNF-α at the end of exercise and recovery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Caris et al [13] showed that physical exercise performed on a treadmill at 70% VO 2peak until maximum voluntary exhaustion at a simulated altitude of 4500 m shifts the Th1/Th2 balance towards the Th2 response after exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions

et al. 2016

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Introduction: Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. Methods: Seven adult male volunteers who exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 50% VO2Peak were randomly evaluated under three distinct conditions; normoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of exercise and after 60 min of recovery. To evaluate hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation, volunteers received a solution of 6% carbohydrate (maltodextrin) or a placebo (strawberry-flavored Crystal Light®; Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, USA) every 20 min during exercise and recovery. Statistical analyses comprised analysis of variance, with a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 after exercise and after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05), while in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under this condition, TNF-α, IL-2 and the balance of IL-2/IL-4 were increased after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation modified the IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations and shifted the IL-2/IL-4 balance towards Th1 in response without glycemic, glutaminemia and cell damage effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions

et al. 2016

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“…Neste contexto, a disponibilidade de nutrientes e sinais induzidos por metabólitos regulam a sua diferenciação fenotípica, por exemplo, o M1/M2 (Norata et al, 2015) e T helper 1/T helper 2 (Caris et al, 2014). Essa mudança do status metabólico sofre influência do seu meio extracelular, que por sua vez, representa alterações sistêmicas advindas de diversas situações, desde estados de doenças à resposta ao exercício físico.…”

Section: Metabolismo Energético Das Células Imunesunclassified

Immunometabolism and Exercise: New avenues

et al. 2017

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ARTIGO DE REVISÃO | REVIEW ARTICLE RESUMOSistema imunológico e metabolismo celular interagem constantemente por meio de proteínas imunomoduladoras, denominadas citocinas, a fim de manter a dinâmica e a comunicação entre os sistemas sendo, na atualidade, amplamente difundido nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, principalmente no campo da saúde, como Imunometabolismo. As principais doenças do século 21 caracterizam-se por apresentar processos inflamatórios bem definidos os quais favorecem o agravamento da doença e a instalação de comorbidades associadas à alteração metabólica. Em linhas gerais, a resposta inflamatória está associada a dieta inadequada e sedentarismo, alterando a dinâmica metabólica entre citocinas, ácidos graxos e endotoxina e ativando, assim, fatores de transcrição gênica, como o NF-kB. Por outro lado, a prática regular de exercício físico é amplamente recomendada como potente ferramenta na prevenção e tratamento de distúrbios metabólicos em virtude de seu poder anti-inflamatório e anti-aterogênico por meio da produção de miocinas advindas do músculo-esquelético e com atuação anti-inflamatória, como a IL-6, provenientes dos estímulos gerados pela contração muscular, e ativação de proteínas e fatores de transcrição gênica, como o PPAR. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente revisão é contextualizar e difundir os principais conceitos de uma emergente área do conhecimento, o Imunometabolismo, caracterizando sua função e atuação nos campos da doença e da saúde por meio da prática do exercício físico. Palavras-chave: Inflamação, Metabolismo, Imunometabolismo, Citocinas, Exercício Físico ABSTRACT Immune system and cell metabolism have been interacted constantly, by synthesis and release of immunomodulatory proteins, recognized as cytokines, in order to maintain the body homeostasis. The "crosstalk" between systems has been widely spread in several areas of knowledge, mainly in the health field, as Immunometabolism. Diseases of the 21 st century, which affect world populations, are characterized by inflammatory processes favoring the worsening of the illness itself and the installation of other comorbidities. In general, the inflammatory response is associated with poor diet and physical inactivity, which modify the metabolic dynamics among cytokines, fatty acids and endotoxin culminating in reaction cascades, activating gene transcription factors, such as NF-kB. Furthermore, regular physical exercise is widely recommended as a powerful tool at the prevention and treatment of several metabolic diseases in virtue of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic capacity, through anti-inflammatory myokine production, such as IL-6, from the stimuli generated by muscle contraction and proteins and gene transcription factors activation, as PPAR, which increase the anti-inflammatory response. Thus, the purpose of this review is to contextualize and disseminate knowledge about an emerging area, the Immunometabolism, featuring its function and performance in the illness and health fields by physical exercise.

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The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol

Stachowicz

Lebiedzińska

2016

Eur Food Res Technol

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Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions

Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions

Immunometabolism and Exercise: New avenues

The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol

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