Capture-recapture-adjusted prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes are related to social deprivation

Abstract

We examined the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and social deprivation in one urban district in Liverpool from October 1995 to September 1996 inclusive. This area has a stable Caucasian population of 176, 682. Lists were made of all known diabetics attending six different medical points of contact during the year, and were condensed and aggregated to eliminate duplicates. From postcode data, each patient was assigned to residence in one of the 14 electoral wards in the district, for which demographic structure and standardized measures of social deprivation were known (Townsend index). The crude period prevalences of type 1 and type 2 diabetes were estimated for each ward. Crude prevalence data were then corrected by applying capture-recapture (CR) techniques to the different patient datasets to allow for undercount. The crude period prevalence (95%CI) of diabetes was 1.5% (1.4-1.5%), or 2585/176, 682. The mean age of people with diabetes was not significantly different between electoral wards. The crude period prevalence of type 2 diabetes within individual wards ranged from 0.4% (0.3-0.6%) in the least deprived area to 4.1% (3.6-4.6%) in the most deprived area. The corresponding range of CR-adjusted period prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes was from 3.2% (2.8-3.6%) to 6.7% (6.1-7.4%), and there was strong correlation between both crude and CR-adjusted prevalence and social deprivation in each ward (r=0.76, p<0.001 for crude; and r=0. 49, p<0.005 for CR-adjusted prevalence). There was no correlation between the crude or CR-adjusted period prevalence rates of type 1 diabetes and Townsend index (r=0.14, p=NS). This strong correlation between the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and social deprivation has important implications for the planning of health-care delivery.

The influence of socioeconomic status on future risk for developing Type 2 diabetes in the Canadian population between 2011 and 2022: differential associations by sex

“…In understanding disease risk, it is critical to acknowledge broad factors underpinning inequitable distributions of disease such that adverse health is concentrated among the more disadvantaged [7,8]. Diabetes is more common among the poor and excluded [9,10], and diabetes risk factors have been shown to be most prevalent among the most socioeconomically disadvantaged [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, once diagnosed with diabetes, individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are at greater risk of mortality compared to those of higher SES [10,18].…”

Diabetes prevalence and income: Results of the Canadian Community Health Survey

“…T2DM seems to be common in all populations in industrialized countries affecting disproportionately socially and materially disadvantaged adults [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The risk of diabetes is also greater for people who are obese [15], physically inactive [16], or have hypertension [17], all these conditions being more common among people with low socioeconomic position.…”

Is Inflammation a Causal Chain between Low Socioeconomic Status and Type 2 Diabetes? Results from the KORA Survey 2000

“…Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in industrialized countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Prospective studies showed that elevated concentrations of acute-phase proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines are predictive of type 2 diabetes [16].…”