Cannabis Legalization and the Decline of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) Treatment Utilization in the US

Mennis, Jeremy; Stahler, Gerald J.; Mason, Michael

doi:10.1007/s40429-022-00461-4

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Notably, the decline in CUD treatment admissions occurred even as the prevalence of adult cannabis use rose, 9 and risk factors for CUD associated with legalization increased. 2 Declines in both the perception of cannabis use as a harmful and perceived treatment need among those with CUD, 10,11 as well as falling rates of moderate and severe CUD among frequent cannabis users, 9 may also have contributed to the drop in CUD treatment admissions. We acknowledge several limitations to the analysis: stantial policy variations occur within categories distinguishing recreational legalization, there may be other unaccounted for factors that vary within states and over time that may affect the results, TEDS-A does not capture all CUD treatment admissions, and SUD treatment admission reporting may vary by state and year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adolescents and young adults are particularly prone to the negative consequences of CUD. 2 Despite evidence of generally steady or rising rates of cannabis use among these age groups, 2 however, CUD treatment admissions in the United States have declined markedly since the late 2000s. [3][4][5] One possible reason for the decline in CUD treatment admissions may be the impact of recreational cannabis legalization (adult use) on CUD treatment referrals from the criminal justice system (hereafter, CJ referrals).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Criminal Justice Referrals to Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment among Adolescents and Young Adults following Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the United States

Mennis,

Stahler,

McKeon

2023

J Addict Med

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Objectives This study investigates whether the proportion of referrals to cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment from the criminal justice system declined among adolescents (aged 12–17 years) and young adults (aged 18–24 years) following state recreational (adult use) cannabis legalization in the United States between 2008 and 2019. Methods Cannabis use disorder treatment referral data were extracted from the Treatment Episode Dataset—Admissions and used to calculate trends in the number and proportion of criminal justice referrals. Difference-in-differences analysis was used to estimate the effect of recreational legalization on the state-level proportion of criminal justice referrals as a share of all admissions. Results Nationwide, the number and proportion of adolescent and young adult criminal justice referrals to CUD treatment declined over the study period. The proportion of young adult criminal justice referrals declined significantly more rapidly after recreational legalization as compared with before (β = −0.045; 95% confidence interval, −0.079 to −0.010; P = 0.01). Among adolescents, the trajectory of decline in the proportion of criminal justice referrals did not change significantly following recreational legalization (β = −0.033; 95% confidence interval, −0.073 to 0.008; P = 0.11) Conclusions The decline in the proportion of young adult criminal justice referrals to CUD treatment following recreational legalization is likely due to falling cannabis-related arrests. Although cannabis criminalization may result in court-mandated CUD treatment for some young adults without CUD, the decline in CUD treatment admissions during a period of increasing CUD risk factors associated with recreational legalization represents a key health concern. Promoting screening and other CUD treatment referral sources, such as through primary care, may be warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Criminal Justice Referrals to Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment among Adolescents and Young Adults following Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the United States

Mennis,

Stahler,

McKeon

2023

J Addict Med

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“…The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) are indicative of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. A total of 10×10 3 ESCs and 8×10 3 EpiLCs were seeded on Seahorse XF96 plates (101085-004, Agilent Technologies) and exposed to increasing doses of Δ9-THC for 48h. On the day of the assay, cells were washed with assay medium (unbuffered DMEM assay medium [5030, Sigma Aldrich] supplemented with 31.6mM NaCl, 3mg/L phenol red, 5mM HEPES, 5mM glucose, 2mM glutamine and 1mM sodium pyruvate).…”

Section: Seahorse Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannabis is the most widely used illicit psychoactive drug in the world (U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime, 2022). In the United States, an estimated 49.6 million people, roughly 18% of the population, consumed cannabis at least once in 2020, with indications that these numbers will likely increase in the coming years as attitudes and regulations change (Mennis et al, 2023;Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020). In particular, between 7-12% of expecting women report cannabis use, predominantly during the first trimester to alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness (Chabarria et al, 2016;Volkow et al, 2019;Young-Wolff et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Office on Drugs and Crime, 2022). In the United States, an estimated 49.6 million people, roughly 18% of the population, consumed cannabis at least once in 2020, with indications that these numbers will likely increase in the coming years as attitudes and regulations change (Mennis et al, 2023; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020). In particular, between 7-12% of expecting women report cannabis use, predominantly during the first trimester to alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness (Chabarria et al, 2016; Volkow et al, 2019; Young-Wolff et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic memory of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in pluripotent stem cells and primordial germ cells-like cells

Verdikt

Armstrong

Cheng

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The high prevalence of cannabis use, the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world, is associated with increased usage by pregnant women, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, while cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the early embryo, the impact of phytocannabinoids exposure on early embryonic processes is severely lacking. Here, we leverage a stepwise in vitro differentiation system that captures the early embryonic developmental cascade bridging embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells. We applied this model to investigate the impact of the most abundant phytocannabinoid, Δ9-THC, on these developmental stages. We demonstrate that Δ9-THC increases the proliferation of naive mouse embryonic stem cells but not of their primed counterpart. Surprisingly, this increased proliferation, dependent on the CB1 receptor binding, is only associated with moderate transcriptomic changes. Instead, Δ9-THC capitalizes on ESCs metabolic bivalence by primarily increasing their glycolytic rates and anabolic capabilities. A memory of this metabolic rewiring is retained throughout differentiation to Primordial Germ Cell-Like Cells in the absence of direct exposure and is associated with an alteration of their transcriptional profile. These results represent the first in-depth molecular characterization of the impact of Δ9-THC exposure on early developmental stages.

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Cannabis-related treatment demand at the eve of German cannabis legalization – a 20-years trend analysis

Stampf,

Schwarzkopf,

Batalla

et al. 2024

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Cannabis Legalization and the Decline of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) Treatment Utilization in the US

Cited by 12 publications

References 124 publications

Criminal Justice Referrals to Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment among Adolescents and Young Adults following Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the United States

Criminal Justice Referrals to Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment among Adolescents and Young Adults following Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the United States

Metabolic memory of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in pluripotent stem cells and primordial germ cells-like cells

Cannabis-related treatment demand at the eve of German cannabis legalization – a 20-years trend analysis

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