Cancer stressors and protective factors: Predictors of stress experienced during treatment for childhood cancer

Hockenberry-Eaton, Marilyn; Kemp, Virginia H.; Dilorio, Colleen

doi:10.1002/nur.4770170506

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Directly, increased family disruption may interfere with the quality of parenting, resulting in an increased risk to the child's well-being (e.g., lack of adherence to medical regimens, missed days of school, increased behavior problems, increased health care use) (Sawyer, Spurrier, Kennedy, & Martin, 2001). Indirectly, increased family disruption may reduce the emotional availability of the caregiver and decrease social support to the child (Hockenberry-Eaton, Kemp, & DiIorio, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Negative Life Events: Risk to Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Youth With HIV Infection

Howland¹,

Storm²,

Crawford³

et al. 2007

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care

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Children and youth with perinatally acquired HIV infection are living longer because of improved drug therapies, but they may be at risk for poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes because of nondisease factors. Families affected by HIV disease are more likely to experience major negative life events (NLEs). The effects of NLEs, shown to impact HRQOL in children with other chronic illnesses, have not been evaluated in children with HIV infection. The primary objective of this study was to determine if NLEs occurring in the previous 12 months were associated with increased risk for poorer outcomes in three measures of HRQOL (health perception, behavior problems, and symptom distress) in a cohort of children and youth with HIV infection. The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data determined in 1999 from 1,018 children and youth 5 to 21 years of age enrolled in a longitudinal follow-up study. Multivariate logistic regressions estimated the odds for worse HRQOL outcomes. Children and youth with one or more NLEs had significantly lower health perceptions, more behavior problems, and greater symptom distress than children with no reported NLEs. The occurrence of NLEs may present a significant nondisease risk for diminished HRQOL among children and youth challenged by HIV disease. Nursing efforts to support these younger patients and their families sustaining major family disruption caused by NLEs may improve overall health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Negative Life Events: Risk to Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Youth With HIV Infection

Howland¹,

Storm²,

Crawford³

et al. 2007

Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care

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“…Social, practical and emotional support serves to moderate the relationship between stress and adjustment [22]. After a review of the literature on protective factors in the experience of childhood cancer [12] it was concluded that a stable family structure that provides support is the most important factor in a child's adjustment in a variety of stressful situations. Nurses mentioned the importance of normal life for almost a third of the youngest children, but for relatively fewer children aged 4-7 years.…”

Section: Psychosocial Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Important aspects of care and assistance for children 0–7 years of age being treated for cancer

Essén

Enskär

Haglund

et al. 2002

Support Care Cancer

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Aspects of care and assistance that are important for children aged 0-7 years who are being treated for cancer were examined. Parents ( N=57) and nurses ( N=59) were asked: "What caring aspects are important in ensuring that your child/the child feels cared for?" and "What help, if any, does your child/the child need outside the hospital?". Data were analysed by content analysis. The following aspects of care were identified: amusement, clinical competence, continuity, emotional support, family participation, honest communication, information, participation in decision making, satisfaction of basic needs, social competence, the parents are well cared for, and time. Parents most frequently mentioned social competence and amusement, while nurses most frequently mentioned continuity and information. The following aspects of assistance were identified: accessible care, amusement, emotional support, family life, meeting friends, normal life, practical support, rehabilitation and school support. At least a third of the children did not need any assistance, according to parents and nurses. Parents most frequently mentioned family life, meeting friends and practical support. Nurses most frequently mentioned normal life and family life. Taken together, the results indicate that not only a family but many more people need to be involved to help children with cancer to be cured not only in a biological but also a psychosocial sense.

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“…In a study of school-aged children with cancer (N ϭ 44), four protective factors (self-perception, coping strategies, perceived social support, and family environment) were examined in relation to physiological stress indicators that were experienced during treatment (Hockenberry-Eaton, Kemp, & Dilorio, 1994). These researchers found family environment and global self-worth to be the best predictors of epinephrine levels associated with stress at the time of two clinic visits and found social support from friends to be a predictor of norepinephrine levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of resiliency to decision making and risk behaviors of cancer-surviving adolescents

Hollen

Hobbie

Finley

et al. 2001

Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing

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Adolescents with a history of cancer frequently engage in risk behaviors. The purpose of this correlational study was to explore factors that affect decision making and risk behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use) of cancer-surviving adolescents. A sample of 52 teen survivors participated at two cancer centers. In addition to a medical record review and IQ testing, several psychosocial measures were administered in a semistructured interview with the teen survivor. Three antecedent factors (cognitive function, resiliency, and role modeling of risk behaviors by parents and peers) were examined in a hierarchical regression model to predict decision making. These same factors, with an additional mediating variable (decision making), were examined in a hierarchical logistic regression model to predict risk behaviors in teen survivors. In the decision-making model, adjusted for demographic covariates, resiliency was a marginally significant predictor of decision making. As non-resiliency increases, quality of decision making may decrease for teen survivors. In the model to predict risk behaviors, four factors (cognitive function, resiliency, role modeling, and decision making) were added to the basic model, controlling for the same covariates. Resiliency and decision making were highly significant predictors of one or more risk behaviors. Non-resilient teen survivors with poor-quality decision making are more likely to engage in risk behaviors of substance use and need intervention that is aimed at improving decision-making skills to reduce these behaviors.

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Cancer stressors and protective factors: Predictors of stress experienced during treatment for childhood cancer

Cited by 47 publications

References 31 publications

Negative Life Events: Risk to Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Youth With HIV Infection

Negative Life Events: Risk to Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Youth With HIV Infection

Important aspects of care and assistance for children 0–7 years of age being treated for cancer

The relationship of resiliency to decision making and risk behaviors of cancer-surviving adolescents

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