Can Bayliss and Starling gut hormones cure a worldwide pandemic?

Scott, Rebecca; Tan, Tricia; Bloom, Stephen R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272955

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Enteroendocrine cells collectively constitute our largest endocrine tissue, made up of cells that are dispersed throughout the GI tract epithelium. There are multiple different enteroendocrine cell types, each synthesizing different hormones, with some containing multiple hormones [ 1 , 2 ]. Almost all our body’s 5-HT is synthesized in enteroendocrine cells called enterochromaffin (EC) cells [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells respond via diverse mechanisms to acute and chronic changes in glucose availability

et al. 2015

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BackgroundEnteroendocrine cells collectively constitute our largest endocrine tissue, with serotonin (5-HT) secreting enterochromaffin (EC) cells being the largest component (~50 %). This gut-derived 5-HT has multiple paracrine and endocrine roles. EC cells are thought to act as nutrient sensors and luminal glucose is the major absorbed form of carbohydrate in the gut and activates secretion in an array of cell types. It is unknown whether EC cells release 5-HT in response to glucose in primary EC cells. Furthermore, fasting augments 5-HT synthesis and release into the circulation. However, which nutrients cause fasting-induced synthesis of EC cell 5-HT is unknown. Here we examine the effects of acute and chronic changes in glucose availability on 5-HT release from intact tissue and single EC cells.MethodsWe utilised established approaches in our laboratories measuring 5-HT release in intact mouse colon with amperometry. We then examined single EC cells function using our published protocol in guinea-pig colon. Single cell Ca2+ imaging and amperometry were used with these cells. Real-time PCR was used along with amperometry, on primary EC cells cultured for 24 h in 5 or 25 mM glucose.ResultsWe demonstrate that acute increases in glucose, at levels found in the gut lumen rather than in plasma, trigger 5-HT release from intact colon, and cause Ca2+ entry and 5-HT release in primary EC cells. Single cell amperometry demonstrates that high glucose increases the amount of 5-HT released from individual vesicles as they undergo exocytosis. Finally, 24 h incubation of EC cells in low glucose causes an increase in the transcription of the 5-HT synthesising enzyme Tph1 as well as increasing in 5-HT secretion in EC cells.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that primary EC cells respond to acute changes in glucose availability through increases in intracellular Ca2+ the activation of 5-HT secretion, but respond to chronic changes in glucose levels through the transcriptional regulation of Tph1 to alter 5-HT synthesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells respond via diverse mechanisms to acute and chronic changes in glucose availability

et al. 2015

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“…GLP-1 and PYY release during the meal test were greatly increased following surgery, as has been observed in a number of studies (reviewed in [ 43 ]). The enhanced secretion of GLP-1 and PYY resulting from the rapid transit of calories to the lower small intestine likely contributed to the reduction in food intake via their satiating effects on gut function and the central nervous system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Metabolic improvements following Roux-en-Y surgery assessed by solid meal test in subjects with short duration type 2 diabetes

et al. 2017

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BackgroundGlucose homeostasis improves within days following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. The dynamic metabolic response to caloric intake following RYGB has been assessed using liquid mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTT). Few studies have evaluated the glycemic and hormonal response to a solid mixed meal in subjects with diabetes prior to, and within the first month following RYGB.MethodsSeventeen women with type 2 diabetes of less than 5 years duration participated. Fasting measures of glucose homeostasis, lipids and gut hormones were obtained pre- and post-surgery. MMTT utilizing a solid 4 oz chocolate pudding performed pre-, 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery. Metabolic response to 4 and 2 oz MMTT assessed in five diabetic subjects not undergoing surgery.ResultsSignificant reductions in fasting glucose and insulin at 3 days, and in fasting betatrophin, triglycerides and total cholesterol at 2 weeks post-surgery. Hepatic insulin clearance was greater at 3 days post-surgery. Subjects exhibited less hunger and greater feelings of fullness and satisfaction during the MMTT while consuming 52.9 ± 6.5% and 51.0 ± 6.5% of the meal at 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery respectively. At 2 weeks post-surgery, glucose and insulin response to MMTT were improved, with greater GLP-1 and PYY secretion. Improved response to solid MMTT not replicated by consumption of smaller pudding volume in diabetic non-surgical subjects.ConclusionsWith a test meal of size and composition representative of the routine diet of post-RYGB subjects, improved glycemic and gut hormone responses occur which cannot be replicated by reducing the size of the MMTT in diabetic subjects not undergoing surgery.Trial registrationClinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00957957 August 11, 2009.

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“…In 1902 Bayliss and Starling described secretin as a substance produced by the intestine and released into the bloodstream to act endocrine [27,28]. In 1905, they were the first to us the term "hormone" [29].…”

Section: The Discovery Of the First Substances With Hormonal Activitimentioning

confidence: 99%

History of endocrinology in the world and in Poland

Dittfeld

Gwizdek

Brończyk-Puzoń

2017

Pediatr Endocrino Diabetes Metab

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Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with the functioning of endocrine glands. Theain role of the endocrine glands is to control various functions and to adopt internal environment to changes in the external environment. Glands manage to do this by regulating the metabolism of target cells by hormones. One of the earliest connections with endocrinology is found in theHippocratic humoral hypothesis dating about 400 years BC. The author of the first endocrinological observations was Aristotle, who noticed changes in behavior and appearance in castrated roosters. In the Middle Ages winners of battles ate their enemies organs, such as the heart, brain, or gonads, believing that they were a source of special power.However, the last two centuries were a time of intensive development of the research in this field. Certainly, we can now look to the future awaiting the next breakthroughs that will revolutionize today's perception of endocrinology.

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Can Bayliss and Starling gut hormones cure a worldwide pandemic?

Cited by 9 publications

References 159 publications

Serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells respond via diverse mechanisms to acute and chronic changes in glucose availability

Serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells respond via diverse mechanisms to acute and chronic changes in glucose availability

Metabolic improvements following Roux-en-Y surgery assessed by solid meal test in subjects with short duration type 2 diabetes

History of endocrinology in the world and in Poland

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