Caged Garcinia Xanthones: Development Since 1937

Abstract

Caged xanthones, characterized by a unique 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]dec-2-one scaffold, are a special class of bioactive components mainly derived from the Garcinia genus (Guttiferae family). Around 100 compounds from this family have been reported to date and most of them have potent antitumor activity, with gambogic acid being the best representative. During the past decades, inspired by the unusual caged skeleton and remarkable bioactivity, scientists from various fields have shown increasing interest on these promising natural products. In this review, the plant resources, structural characteristics, total synthesis, biological activity and mechanisms of action, structure activity relationship, and anticancer drug development of these caged xanthones are described.

Caged Garcinia Xanthones, a Novel Chemical Scaffold with Potent Antimalarial Activity

“…GBA and CGXs are pleiotropic compounds that kill cancer cells via multiple mechanisms (11). One important target is the mitochondrion, which undergoes apoptosis under drug treatment (27).…”

“…In cancer cells, GBA and other CGXs are known to cause mitochondrial damage and apoptosis (11). The mtETC is an essential process in malaria parasites and a known antimalarial drug target.…”

“…1). This motif is further decorated via A-ring substitutions and peripheral oxidations to produce a variety of natural products with a broad range of bioactivities (11). Gambogic acid (GBA), the archetype of this family, potently inhibits cancer cell proliferation in solid tumors (13)(14)(15)(16)(17) and hematological malignancies (18) and has entered clinical trials in China for patients with non-small-cell lung, colon, and renal cancers (19).…”

Prenylated caged xanthones: Chemistry and biology

“…Reviews covering aspects of these compounds have been published (Chantarasriwong et al, 2010;El-Seedi et al, 2010;Han & Xu, 2009). The information in this review is intended to supplement the previous information and highlight novel features of these class of compounds; the major publications up until June 2011 are included.…”

Recent Research on Bioactive Xanthones from Natural Medicine: Garcinia hanburyi

“…Recently, over 40 different xanthones were isolated from G. hanburyi. Furthermore, multiple mechanisms of its cytotoxic activity have been reported, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, telomerase inhibition, and anti-angiogenesis (2). Due to its diversity of bioactive ingredients and potent activities, a series of in-depth researches were conduct by researchers all over the world.…”