Buckminsterfullerene C60: a chemical Faraday cage for atomic nitrogen

Pietzak, B.; Waiblinger, M.; Murphy, Tony; Weidinger, A.; Höhne, M.; Dietel, Elke; Hirsch, Andreas

doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01100-7

Cited by 149 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Such lower symmetry of the molecules breaks the degeneracy of the three 2p orbitals of the inner nitrogen atom, giving rise to appearance of the broad signals in which possible fine structures are about to appear. This is consistent with the reported observations on N@C 60 derivatives with exohedral functionalizations 29,30 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

X-ray observation of a helium atom and placing a nitrogen atom inside He@C60 and He@C70

et al. 2013

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Single crystal X-ray analysis has been used as a powerful method to determine the structure of molecules. However, crystallographic data containing helium has not been reported, owing to the difficulty in embedding helium into crystalline materials. Here we report the X-ray diffraction study of He@C 60 and the clear observation of a single helium atom inside C 60 . In addition, the close packing of a helium atom and a nitrogen atom inside fullerenes is realized using two stepwise insertion techniques, that is, molecular surgery to synthesize the fullerenes encapsulating a helium atom, followed by nitrogen radio-frequency plasma methods to generate the fullerenes encapsulating both helium and nitrogen atoms. Electron spin resonance analysis reveals that the encapsulated helium atom has a small but detectable influence on the electronic properties of the highly reactive nitrogen atom coexisting inside the fullerene, suggesting the potential usage of helium for controlling electronic properties of reactive species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

X-ray observation of a helium atom and placing a nitrogen atom inside He@C60 and He@C70

et al. 2013

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“…The N@C 60 :C 60 endohedral fullerene:fullerene solid solution was produced in a N 2 arc-discharge tube following Ref. [14] with a typical yield of 1-10 ppm [15]. After the solvent filling steps, excess fullerenes were removed by sonication in toluene and the filtered peapod material was dried at 100 o C in air.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low temperature fullerene encapsulation in single wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis of N@C60@SWCNT

Simón

Kuzmany

Rauf

et al. 2004

Chemical Physics Letters

119

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High filling of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with C60 and C70 fullerenes in solvent is reported at temperatures as low as 69 o C. A 2 hour long refluxing in n-hexane of the mixture of the fullerene and SWCNT results in a high yield of C60,C70@SWCNT, fullerene peapod, material. The peapod filling is characterized by TEM, Raman and electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. We applied the method to synthesize the temperature sensitive (N@C60:C60)@SWCNT as proved by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The solvent prepared peapod samples can be transformed to double walled nanotubes enabling a high yield and industrially scalable production of DWCNT.

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“…Here, the topics concerned with the laser (Ong et al 1990;Butler and Sumant 2008) 1990 Mass synthesis of C 60 Arc discharge (Haufler et al 1990) 1991 Small-quantity synthesis of La@C 82 Arc discharge (Chai et al 1991) 1991 Clear-cut discovery of MWNTs Arc discharge (Iijima 1991) 1993 Discovery of SWMTs Arc discharge (Iijima and Ichibashi 1993;Bethune et al 1993) 1994 Growth of UNCD films Microwave PECVD (Gruen et al 1994) 1996 Formation of alkali-atom@C 60 Plasma-ion irradiation Hatakeyama et al 2014) 1997 Formation of N@C 60 DC and RF discharges (Pietzak et al 1997;Cho et al 2012) 1997 Discovery of carbon nanoroses Arc discharge (Ando et al 1997) 1998 Growth of well-aligned MWNTs Hot filament PECVD (Ren et al 1998) 2001 Formation of C 60 , Cs, DNA@SWNTs…”

Section: History Of Plasma-processing Growth and Formation Of Carbon mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At that time, diamond films so far grown by PECVD using discharge plasmas in the microwave range of frequencies were first referred to as ''nanocrystalline-diamond'' (NCD) films in the realm of nanodiamonds (NDs) (Ong et al 1990;Butler and Sumant 2008). In the mid-1990s, ultra-nanocrystallinediamond (UNCD) films consisting of NDs smaller than NCDs were grown by microwave PECVD (Gruen et al 1994), and the plasma-ion irradiation made an appearance as an effective method of forming endohedral C 60 (alkali-atom@C 60 , N@C 60 ) (Hatakeyama et al 2014;Pietzak et al 1997;Cho et al 2012). In the second half of 1990, carbon nanoroses similar to carbon nanowalls (CNWs) were discovered by the arc-discharge method (Ando et al 1997), and large arrays of well-aligned MWNTs were grown by PECVD using hot filaments (Ren et al 1998).…”

Section: History Of Plasma-processing Growth and Formation Of Carbon mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocarbon materials fabricated using plasmas

Hatakeyama

2017

Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys.

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Since the discovery of fullerenes more than three decades ago, new kinds of nanoscale materials of carbon allotropes called ''nanocarbons'' have so far been discovered or synthesized at successive intervals as cases such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, graphene, carbon nanowalls, and a carbon nanobelt, while nanodiamonds were actually discovered before then. Their attractively excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties have driven researchers to continuously create one of the hottest frontiers in materials science and technology. While plasma states have often been involved in their discovery, on the other hand, plasma-based approaches to this exciting field originally hold promising and enormous potentials for advancing and expanding industrial/biomedical applications of nanocarbons of great diversity. This article provides an extensive overview on plasma-fabricated nanocarbon materials, where the term ''fabrication'' is defined as synthesis, functionalization, and assembly of devices to cover a wide range of issues associated with the step-by-step plasma processes. Specific attention has been paid to the comparative examination between plasma-based and non-plasma methods for fabricating the nanocarobons with an emphasis on the advantages of plasma processing, such as low-temperature/large-scale fabrication and diversitycarrying structure controllability. The review ends with current challenges and prospects including a ripple effect of the nanocarbon studies on the development of related novel nanomaterials such as transition metal dichalcogenides. It contains not only the latest progress in the field for cutting-edge scientists and engineers, but also the introductory guidance to non-specialists such as lower-class graduate students.& Rikizo Hatakeyama

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Buckminsterfullerene C60: a chemical Faraday cage for atomic nitrogen

Cited by 149 publications

References 8 publications

X-ray observation of a helium atom and placing a nitrogen atom inside He@C60 and He@C70

X-ray observation of a helium atom and placing a nitrogen atom inside He@C60 and He@C70

Low temperature fullerene encapsulation in single wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis of N@C60@SWCNT

Nanocarbon materials fabricated using plasmas

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