1 Survival and development of hatchling larvae of three aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant and Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus, when fed their own and the other species eggs were recorded. 2 In all three species, the larvae survived when fed conspecific eggs. 3 The percentage of larvae of H. axyridis that survived decreased to 35% and 85% when fed eggs of A. bipunctata and C. s. brucki, respectively. All the larvae of A. bipunctata and C. s. brucki died after eating eggs of H. axyridis. None of the larvae of C. s. brucki died after eating eggs of A. bipunctata, whereas 46% of those of A. bipunctata died after eating eggs of C. s. brucki. 4 In general, larvae were reluctant to eat the eggs of other species. However, larvae of C. s. brucki showed less reluctance than H. axyridis to eat the eggs of A. bipunctata. 5 The consequence of this for invasive species of ladybird is discussed.

Endohedral metallofullerenes containing one or more atoms inside a hollow fullerene cage have attracted much attention because of their novel properties, which are attributable to intramolecular interactions between the metal atom and the fullerene cage.[1] Recent isolation and purification of various endohedral metallofullerenes has encouraged the investigation of their physical and chemical properties. La@C 82 (Figure 1 a) is an abundantly produced endohedral metallofullerene. It has been of particular interest to determine the fullerene cage structure and metal positions because this information is necessary to explain the properties and reactivities of endohedral metallofullerenes. In this context, NMR spectroscopy, [2] 2D EPR spectral analysis, [3] X-ray powder diffraction analysis, [4] chemical functionalization, [5] and theoretical calculation [6] were conducted, yielding results clarifying that the La atom is mostly encapsulated inside the C 2v cage of C 82 , and demonstrating that the La atom is not located in the center of the C 82 cage but instead sits closely to a hexagonal ring along the C 2 axis. Furthermore, according to molecular orbital calculations, three electrons are transferred from the La atom to the C 82 cage forming the open-shell electronic structure described as La 3+ C 82 3À .[6] Although La@C 82 has interesting electronic properties, such as low reduction and oxidation potentials, [1] for the development of functional materials, neither its single-crystal form nor the solid-state transport properties have been reported. A few reports have studied the charge-carrier mobility of M@C 82 -(C 2v ) (M = Ce, Pr, Dy atom), [7] however, these m values were much smaller, by four orders of magnitude, than that of fabricated C 60 thin films.[8] Herein, we have successfully synthesized single-crystal of La@C 82 with [Ni II (OEP)] (OEP = octaethylporphyrin) as a co-crystal and observed anisotropic and high electron mobility up to 0.9 cm 2 V À1 s À1 using flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements.[9]

Thermal carbosilylation of endohedral dimetallofullerene La(2)@I(h)-C(80) with silirane (silacyclopropane) is reported herein for the first time. Two diastereomers of the carbosilylated La(2)@I(h)-C(80) have been isolated and characterized. The fascinating molecular structure of one diastereomer of the carbosilylated derivatives has been determined unambiguously using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Detailed characteristics of the molecular structures including their metal atom movements have also been revealed using NMR spectroscopic studies and computational calculations. Results revealed that two La atoms move dynamically inside the carbon sphere. Furthermore, electrochemical study has demonstrated that carbosilylation is effective to fine-tune the La(2)@I(h)-C(80) electronic properties.

Abstract.  1. The incidence and timing of emigration, cannibalism, and intraguild predation of larvae of three aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant, and Propylea japonica Mulsant, relative to the presence of prey was determined in the laboratory in single‐ and mixed‐species populations. 2. In single‐species populations, 80% of the larvae of C. s. brucki emigrated prior to the extinction of the aphid population and no larvae were lost due to cannibalism; however > 80% of the larvae of the other two species were still present when the aphid became extinct and the losses due to cannibalism for H. axyridis and P. japonica were 25% and 14% respectively. Finally, 28% of the P. japonica larvae completed their development, whereas no larvae of the other two species became adult. 3. In mixed‐species populations, mortality of P. japonica attributable to cannibalism or intraguild predation increased greatly to 60%, whereas that of the other two species remained about the same. Consequently, survival of H. axyridis larvae improved and survival of P. japonica worsened; however the survival of C. s. brucki larvae was not affected by the other two species. Early emigration by C. s. brucki larvae may have enabled them to escape intraguild predation by H. axyridis in this system.

The first regioselective functionalization of La@C(82) by two different groups has been performed. Bis-adducts of La@C(82) with Cp* and adamantylidene were synthesized by using two different routes and characterized. Spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that the addition position is controlled by the charge density and p-orbital axis vector value of the fullerene cage.