Brominated Organic Micropollutants—Igniting the Flame Retardant Issue

D’Silva, Kyle; Fernandes, Alwyn; Rose, Martin

doi:10.1080/10643380490430672

Cited by 158 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…There is currently no certified method available for PBCDD/F analysis. Due to similar structures and physicalchemical properties of PCDD/F and PBCDD/F, PBCDD/F analysis typically follows PCDD/F protocol (2,16). However, the cleanup method should be carefully evaluated in PB-CDD/F studies to avoid loss of target compounds and the interferences from other compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and PBDE.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are 5020 congeners in the PHDD/F group, including 1700 halogenated dibenzodioxins and 3320 halogenated dibenzofurans. Mixed halogenated compounds represent the majority of these congeners and contribute 1550 bromo/chloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and 3050 bromo/ chloro dibenzofurans (1,2). These mixed halogenated compounds arise from differing levels of Br and Cl halogenation in 28 dioxin and 28 furan isomer groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past two decades, the increasing use of brominated flame retardants (BFR) has led to increased availability of bromine sources for PBCDD/F and PBDD/F formation in both the natural environment and industrial processes (2). The commercial penta-and octabromodiphenyl ethers have been listed in the Stockholm Convention since 2009 (4) and need to be controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that researchers should focus on PBCDD/F and PBDD/F as well as PCDD/F. However due to analytical limitations, in comparison with PCDD/F, few studies have investigated the occurrences, characteristics, and emission sources of PBCDD/F and PBDD/F in various environmental matrices (2,(11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixed Polybrominated/chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Stack Gas Emissions from Industrial Thermal Processes

Zheng

Huang

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Very little is known about mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/F) in industrial thermal processes. In this study, the occurrences and characteristics of PBCDD/F from various incineration and metallurgical processes were investigated. In addition, PBCDD/F analytical protocols based on HRGC/HRMS were developed and optimized. The sum of isomer group concentrations ranged from 1.7-3740 pmol Nm -3 for PBCDF and 0.2-582 pmol Nm -3 for PBCDD. For some metallurgical industries, the amounts of PBDD/F and PBCDD/F emitted were similar to or even higher than the amounts of PCDD/F. The sources of bromine and brominated-precursors in these processes should be evaluated. The PBCDD/F characteristics investigated included isomer group patterns, ratio of bromine and chlorine incorporated in PBCDD/F, and ratio of halogenated furans to dioxins. Lower brominated PBCDD/F were binomially distributed. But in some cases, the concentrations of higher brominated PBCDD/F were much higher than predicted from the binomial distribution. The formation mechanisms of PBDD/F, PBCDD/ F, and PCDD/F in these processes were also evaluated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixed Polybrominated/chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Stack Gas Emissions from Industrial Thermal Processes

Zheng

Huang

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In addition, some flame retardants exhibit high ecotoxicity and therefore pose a hazard to the environment. In particular, certain brominated flame retardants (BFRs, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers) are a cause of concern and should therefore be substituted by less harmful ones (Chen and Hale 2010;D'Silva et al 2004;De Wit 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%