Life cycle assessment of flame retardants in an electronics application

Jonkers, Niels; Krop, H.B.; Ewijk, Harry van; Leonards, P.E.G.

doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0999-z

Cited by 36 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Traditional oil based FRs production accounts for 5–45% of the cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of FR grade items. [28,29]. Therefore, the use of bio-based FR additives can effectively reduce the environmental footprint of the fire retarded products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Luda

Zanetti

2019

Polymers

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Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Luda

Zanetti

2019

Polymers

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“…Geisler et al 2005) as examples of products where chemicals provide the main product functions. Other LCA studies on chemicals with in-product functions include studies focusing on flame retardants in electronics (Jonkers et al 2016),…”

Section: Chemicals In Materials Products and Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

Fantke

Ernstoff

2017

Life Cycle Assessment

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“…Over the full life cycle, the BFR scenario has a slightly higher environmental impact than the HFFR scenario, mainly through the contribution of human toxicity in the waste phase. However, it must be noted that Jonkers et al (2016) used disability adjusted life years (DALY) as their indicator of human toxicity. Because the DALY values for the two phosphate-based flame retardants in the study (RDP and BPADP) were not available, it was not possible to get an indication of the relative impact of human toxicity over the entire life cycle for these compounds relative to decaBDE.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Exposure and Risk Over The Product Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for an alternatives assessment dashboard for evaluating chemical alternatives applied to flame retardants for electronic applications

Martin

2016

Clean Techn Environ Policy

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The goal of alternatives assessment (AA) is to facilitate a comparison of alternatives to a chemical of concern, resulting in the identification of safer alternatives. A two stage methodology for comparing chemical alternatives was developed. In the first stage, alternatives are compared using a variety of human health effects, ecotoxicity, and physicochemical properties. Hazard profiles are completed using a variety of online sources and quantitative structure activity relationship models. In the second stage, alternatives are evaluated utilizing an exposure/risk assessment over the entire life cycle. Exposure values are calculated using screening-level near-field and far-field exposure models. The second stage allows one to more accurately compare potential exposure to each alternative and consider additional factors that may not be obvious from separate binned persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity scores. The methodology was utilized to compare phosphate-based alternatives for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in electronics applications.

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Life cycle assessment of flame retardants in an electronics application

Cited by 36 publications

References 40 publications

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

A framework for an alternatives assessment dashboard for evaluating chemical alternatives applied to flame retardants for electronic applications

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