Breath holding during intense exercise: arterial blood gases, pH, and lactate

Matheson, Gordon O.; McKenzie, Donald C.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.1947

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…3 and 4, Table 3). These results were similar to the results of previous studies in which dry land activities, such us cycle ergometry [4,7], treadmill running [10] and an exercise on arm crank ergometer [11], were used as an experimental exercise. On the contrary, studies concerning RBF during swimming failed to demonstrate a reduction in oxygen saturation either by analysing expired air during exercise [2,3,5] or by sampling capillary blood after exercise [8,9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…To our knowledge, the hypothesis of higher [LA -] during the exercise with RBF has never been confirmed yet. However, some previous studies obtained higher [LA -] during recovery after the exercise with RBF than after the exercise with the spontaneous breathing [7,9,10]. Considering that, it has been suggested that, the lactate efflux from working muscles was inhibited due to hypercapnia occurred during the exercise with RBF [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Some Metabolic Responses to Reduced Breathing Frequency During Constant Load Exercise

Kapus¹,

Ušaj²,

Kapus³

2010

Medicina Sportiva

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Introduction: Hypoxia has not been detected only during altitude exercise but also during specific conditions during exercise at sea level, such exercise with reduced breathing frequency (RBF). Training with RBF is often referred to as "hypoxic training". It was thought that, by limiting inspired air, the reduction of oxygen available for muscular work would result and therefore cause muscle hypoxia, similar to that experienced at altitude. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possible effect of RBF on ventilatory parameters, blood gases, oxygen saturation and some metabolic responses during the constant load exercise to exhaustion. Methods: Eight healthy male subjects performed an incremental cycling test with RBF at 10 breaths per minute. A constant load test with RBF (B10) was then performed to exhaustion at the peak power output obtained during the incremental test. Finally, the subjects repeated the constant load test with the spontaneous breathing (SB) using the same protocol as B10. Results: RBF during the constant load exercise resulted in a profound reduction in V E , when compared to the spontaneous breathing, despite significantly increases in V T. Consequently, there were significantly lower SO 2 and PO 2 and higher PCO 2 during B10 than during SB. However, there were no significant differences in VO 2 and [LA-] between different breathing conditions. Conclusions: Therefore, it may be concluded that RBF during the constant load exercise induced marked hypoventilation and consequently hypoxia and hypercapnia. However, it seemed that this degree of the breathing reduction did not influence on aerobic metabolism due to unchanged VO 2 and [LA-].

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Some Metabolic Responses to Reduced Breathing Frequency During Constant Load Exercise

Kapus¹,

Ušaj²,

Kapus³

2010

Medicina Sportiva

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“…This suggestion is supported by observations that reduced breathing frequency exercise is associated with greater rates of lactate appearance during recovery (15,29), suggesting that the inhibition of lactate efflux is removed once exercise ceases and a normal minute ventilation resumes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Influence of Different Breathing Frequencies on the Severity of Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue Induced by High-Intensity Front Crawl Swimming

Jakovljevic

McConnell

2009

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of 2 different breathing frequencies on the magnitude of inspiratory muscle fatigue after high-intensity front crawl swimming. The influence of different breathing frequencies on postexercise blood lactate ([La]) and heart rate (HR) was also examined. Ten collegiate swimmers performed 2 x 200-m front crawl swims at 90% of race pace with the following breathing frequencies: 1) 1 breath every second stroke (B2), and 2) 1 breath every fourth stroke (B4). Maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) was measured at the mouth from residual volume before (baseline) and after swimming, in a standing position. The HR and [La] were assessed at rest and immediately at the cessation of swimming. The PImax decreased by 21% after B4 and by 11% after B2 compared with baseline (p < 0.05). The [La] was lower by 15% after B4 than after B2 (p < 0.05). The HR was not significantly different between B2 and B4. These data suggest that there is significant global inspiratory muscle fatigue after high-intensity swimming. Inspiratory muscle fatigue is, however, greater when breathing frequency is reduced during high-intensity front crawl swimming. Respiratory muscle training should be used to improve respiratory muscle strength and endurance in swimmers.

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“…Many have seen signiicant diferences in BLA levels between NB and CFB swimming trials [4,8,11,12]. One study observed signiicantly decreased BLA levels immediately ater CFB swimming [10], and others noted no signiicant diference [5,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it has been proposed that CFB may delay blood lactate removal response from the muscle during exercise [3,12,14]. In a free swimming protocol comparing CFB to NB, results showed signiicant diferences in BLA despite insigniicant luctuations in the partial pressure of oxygen pre-and post-swim [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Effects of Controlled Frequency Breathing on Lactate Levels in Swimming

Bunn¹

2014

J Athl Enhancement

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess differences in performance and physiological variables after a 100-yard freestyle swim in free-breathing and controlled-frequency breathing conditions. Methods: A randomly assigned maximal effort 100-yd swim test was conducted twice, once with normal breathing (NB) pattern (1 breath every 2-3 strokes), and the second using controlledfrequency breathing (CFB) pattern (1 breath every 7 strokes) in 21 trained female swimmers (19.0 ± 1.1 years). Post-swim blood lactate levels, heart rate, and time to completion were measured and assessed after completion of each bout. Blood samples were taken from the earlobe at rest (prior to the bout), 0-min, 1.5-min, 3-min, and 5-min post-swim. Heart rate was taken at rest and at the same time points as blood lactate.

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Breath holding during intense exercise: arterial blood gases, pH, and lactate

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Some Metabolic Responses to Reduced Breathing Frequency During Constant Load Exercise

Some Metabolic Responses to Reduced Breathing Frequency During Constant Load Exercise

Influence of Different Breathing Frequencies on the Severity of Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue Induced by High-Intensity Front Crawl Swimming

Assessment of the Effects of Controlled Frequency Breathing on Lactate Levels in Swimming

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