Breast Milk Lead Levels in 3 Major Regions of the West Bank of Palestine

Shawahna, Ramzi; Zyoud, Ahed; Dwikat, Jamela; El-Helo, Maram; Yacoub, Bayan; Hilal, Hikmat S.

doi:10.1177/0890334416646566

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Arsenic exposure primarily occurs through drinking water or food, and naturally high groundwater levels of arsenic occur in several countries, including Argentina and the US [ 61 ]. Higher levels of lead in human milk have been reported in women that live closer to industrial [ 51 , 50 ] or urban areas [ 62 ], or use cosmetics containing lead [ 11 ]. However, risk factors for toxic metal exposure were not directly assessed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…g . [ 11 , 12 , 36 , 48 ]). Further studies will be needed to add robust datasets from diverse populations to these new values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early-life exposures, however, can contribute to long-lasting adverse health outcomes, such as neurodevelopmental disorders [ 8 ] and impaired immune and respiratory function [ 9 ]. Moreover, environmental exposures to toxic metals often disproportionately affect marginalized groups [ 10 , 11 ]. Concerns about pollutants in human milk can also affect infant feeding decisions [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States

et al. 2017

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Human milk contains essential micronutrients for growth and development during early life. Environmental pollutants, such as potentially toxic metals, can also be transferred to the infant through human milk. These elements have been well-studied, but changing diets and environments and advances in laboratory technology require re-examining these elements in a variety of settings. The aim of this study was to characterize the concentrations of essential and toxic metals in human milk from four diverse populations. Human milk samples (n = 70) were collected in Argentina (n = 21), Namibia (n = 6), Poland (n = 23), and the United States (n = 20) using a standardized mid-feed collection procedure. Milk concentrations of calcium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, lead, arsenic, and cadmium were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We used standard multiple linear regression models to evaluate differences among populations, while including infant age, infant sex, and maternal parity status (multiparous or primiparous) as covariates. Concentrations of all elements, except zinc, varied across populations after controlling for infant age, infant sex, and maternal parity. Calcium and magnesium showed more differences across populations than iron or copper. There were no significant differences among population in zinc concentrations. Mean concentrations of lead, but not arsenic, were low compared to recently published values from other populations. The concentrations of trace elements in human milk are variable among populations. Limitations due to small sample sizes and environmental contamination of some samples prevent us from drawing robust conclusions about the causes of these differences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…g . [ 11 , 12 , 36 , 48 ]). Further studies will be needed to add robust datasets from diverse populations to these new values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States

et al. 2017

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“…These sources include water, air, and soil [6,12,13]. Increasing exposure to environmental lead has been attributed to recent industrialization and urbanization in some regions [13,14]. Recent studies have shown that plants and grains grown upon soils contaminated with lead contained elevated levels of this toxic heavy metal [10,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ingestion of lead contaminated hen eggs can increase lead levels in children and adults [10]. A recent study conducted on breastfeeding women from the West Bank of Palestine showed that about 19% of the breast milk samples analyzed contained lead levels above those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [14]. Studies have found a link between higher lead levels and hypertension, renal failure, and depression [2,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-chronic treatment with high doses of ascorbic acid reduces lead levels in hen eggs intentionally exposed to a concentrated source of lead: a pilot study

Shawahna

Zyoud

Yahia

et al. 2020

BMC Pharmacol Toxicol

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Background: Hen eggs contaminated with lead can be harmful to the health of children and adults. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate if sub-chronic treatment with ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in the different parts of hen eggs after intentionally exposing the laying hens to a concentrated source of lead. Methods: Clinically normal mixed-breed egg laying hens (n = 18) were used in this pilot study. Hens were exposed to a concentrated source of lead (200 mg/kg body weight /day lead acetate) for 1 week. Subsequently, egg laying hens were either treated with sub-chronic doses of ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg body weight /day) or left untreated for 4 weeks. Lead levels were assessed in eggshell , egg-albumen, and egg-yolk samples using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Lead levels increased significantly (p-value < 0.01) from baseline in egg-yolk, egg-albumen, and eggshell samples following 1 week exposure to lead acetate. Sub-chronic treatment of egg laying hens with high doses of ascorbic acid could bring statistically significant reduction (p-value < 0.01) in lead levels in egg-yolk, egg-albumen, and eggshell samples after intentional exposure to a concentrated source of lead. Conclusions: Findings of this pilot study showed that sub-chronic treatment of egg laying hens with ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in different egg parts after intentional exposure to a concentrated source of lead. Supplementing feedstuffs and water with sources of ascorbic acid could be beneficial in reducing lead levels in hen egg tissues following environmental exposure. Further studies are still required to investigate if ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in other chicken tissues.

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Systematic Review of the Literature of Factors Affecting the Exposure and the Levels of Lead in Human Breast Milk

Cherkani-Hassani

Ghanname

Benitez-Rexach

et al. 2019

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Breast Milk Lead Levels in 3 Major Regions of the West Bank of Palestine

Abstract: Breast milk lead levels were higher than the safety limits for occupationally unexposed populations. Authorities need to implement measures to eliminate or reduce lead exposure, especially in refugee camps and cities. Marketed eye kohl preparations should be tested for their lead contents.

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States

Concentrations of trace elements in human milk: Comparisons among women in Argentina, Namibia, Poland, and the United States

Sub-chronic treatment with high doses of ascorbic acid reduces lead levels in hen eggs intentionally exposed to a concentrated source of lead: a pilot study

Systematic Review of the Literature of Factors Affecting the Exposure and the Levels of Lead in Human Breast Milk

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