Brazil Nut Oil

Abstract

Reaction of Monomeric Adipic Anhydride with Anihe.-One cubic centimeter of anhydride was added to about eight cubic centimeters of aniline with stirring. Reaction was immediate and much heat was evolved. The excess aniline was dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. The solution was diluted to 200 cc. and filtered. The crude product was dried and weighed; m. p. 152-153'; yield 80%. The monoanilide of adipic acid has previously been prepared by heating CsHsNHCOCH(C0OH) (CH2)&OOH.E Recrystallization from water did not raise the melting point. The crude compound was completely soluble in hot water (absence of dianilide). A similar experiment was carried out and worked up in smaller volume; m. p.

Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone using iridium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes

“…Extensive research efforts are currently being focused on the production of GVL from levulinic acid (LA), which can itself be produced at potentially low cost from the acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass [12,13], as outlined in Scheme 1. Of the variety of different synthetic protocols that could be used for this transformation, the catalytic hydrogenations of LA using molecular hydrogen (H2) [14][15][16][17] or formic acid [18,19] (FA), which is co-produced in equimolar amounts to LA during the acidic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass, have attracted considerable levels of attention in recent years.…”

“…The synthesis of GVL via the hydrogenation of LA using a heterogeneous catalyst was first reported using platinum oxide as the catalyst [14], where the formation of GVL occurred in moderate yields of up to 87% in a diethyl ether solvent following 44 h of reaction. When Raney Ni was evaluated as a catalyst for the transformation, a higher yield of GVL (94%) was achieved at 220 °C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 48 atm (4.9 MPa) [15].…”