Botulism

Maréchal, Caroline Le; Woudstra, Cédric; Fach, Patrick

doi:10.1002/9781118728291.ch26

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Botulism is a clostridial disease whose main characteristic is flaccid paralysis of various muscle groups. It is usually caused by the ingestion of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum (an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium) found in the soil, water, food, and alimentary system of many animals (Le Marechal et al 2016).…”

Section: Results and Adiscussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature

et al. 2019

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Clostridial diseases are important causes of livestock losses in the southern Rio Grande do Sul. Since 1978 annual surveys conducted at the “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of the “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” (LRD-UFPel) have shown that clostridial diseases represent 10.40% of the bacterial diseases diagnosed in cattle and 1.65% of all diseases diagnosis in cattle over a 40-year period. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from January 1978 to December 2018 at the LRD-UFPel in the hopes that it will constitute a useful guide for field veterinary practitioners and interested farmers. We assessed and review the necropsy protocols of 6,736 cattle; these necropsies were performed either by LRD-UFPel faculty or by field veterinary practitioners; 111 outbreaks (1.65%) were diagnosed as clostridial disease, distributed as follows: 35 outbreaks of tetanus, 34 of blackleg, 23 of bacillary hemoglobinuria, 11 of malignant edema (gas gangrene), and eight of botulism. Approximately 904, from a total of 42,480 cattle at risk, died in these outbreaks.

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Section: Results and Adiscussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature

et al. 2019

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“…Botulism is a disease that impacts humans and animals alike, affecting the muscles of locomotion, chewing, swallowing, and breathing, and ultimately resulting in a progression to flaccid paralysis and respiratory arrest (Kriek & Ondendaal 1994, Hogg et al 2008, Maréchal et al 2016. It is considered a non-febrile and highly fatal intoxication, usually caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxins present in decomposing organic matter, which is usually of animal origin but can also be present in vegetable matter (Colbachini et al 1999, Tavella et al 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of the disease is mainly related to two factors: the sensitivity of the animal species and the type and amount of botulinum toxin ingested. There are seven types of botulinum toxins (A to G) that, though antigenically distinct from each other, demonstrate similar modes of action in the affected animal (Maréchal et al 2016). The toxins are absorbed and transported to sensitive neurons via the blood, where they then act at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in motor paralysis without interference in functional sensory function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primarily, the toxins affect the peripheral nervous system, where they block the process of synapse release of acetylcholine, which prevents the passage of nerve impulses to the muscle, causing flaccid paralysis. (Kriek & Ondendaal 1994, Num & Useh 2014, Maréchal et al 2016. In humans, most cases of botulism are caused by toxins type A, B, E, and sometimes-though rarely-by F, while in cattle, botulism is caused by the ingestion of neurotoxins types C and D previously formed by Clostridium botulinum in decomposed animal or vegetable matter (Maréchal et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic impact of an outbreak of botulism in a cattle feedlot

et al. 2018

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Botulism is a febrile disease, fatal in most cases, which affects the muscles of locomotion, chewing, and swallowing, as well as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing flaccid paralysis and respiratory arrest. In bovines, the etiology is due to the ingestion of neurotoxins types C and D formed by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in an animal or vegetal substance, during decomposition. Vaccination is one of the most effective prophylactic means to prevent this disease. In this study, an outbreak of botulism was evaluated in a feedlot with 6,300 finishing cattle, wherein 25 died as a consequence of contracting this disease. The economic losses resulting from the deaths were analyzed, and economic analysis was conducted, involving the estimated cost of vaccination for the whole herd under risk, with the objective of evaluating whether this prophylactic practice is a viable action plan. The financial loss due to the deaths resulting from botulism in the case studied was found to be R$55,560.00, equivalent to 0.39% of the total monetary value of the herd. The cost of immunizing the entire herd under risk was 14.06% (for toxins exclusive to toxins C and D) and 22.22% (for polyvalent vaccines against clostridiosis) of the financial loss incurred as a consequence of the recorded deaths. It was concluded that botulism is a disease that can cause a significant economic impact on intensive livestock production systems, and that vaccination is an economically viable prophylactic action if performed with adequate sanitary planning.

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“…Paralysis is due to the action of BoNTs which prevent release of acetylcholine in the nerve ends. While for humans, ingestion of preformed toxins from food is the main route, it appears that toxicoinfection is the preponderant one for avian botulism (Anniballi et al, 2013;Le Maréchal et al, 2016b). It has indeed been demonstrated using bird models that presence of Clostridium botulinum is required to develop botulism signs and that the presence of BoNTs alone is not sufficient to induce an outbreak (Miyazaki & Sakaguchi, 1978;Hyun & Sakaguchi, 1988;Kurazono et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a type C/D botulism outbreak in free-range laying hens in France

et al. 2016

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In 2014, a botulism outbreak in a flock of laying hens was investigated in France. In the flock of 5020 hens, clinical signs of botulism occurred at 46 weeks of age. A type C/D botulism outbreak was confirmed using the mouse lethality assay for detection of botulinum toxin in serum and a real-time PCR test to detect Clostridium botulinum in intestinal contents. The disease lasted one week with a mortality rate of 2.6% without recurrence. Botulism in laying hens has rarely been reported. Five monthly visits were made to the farm between December 2014 and May 2015 for a longitudinal study of the persistence of C. botulinum in the poultry house after the outbreak, and to assess egg contamination by C. botulinum. Several samples were collected on each visit: in the house (from the ventilation circuit, the egg circuit, water and feed, droppings) and the surrounding area. Thirty clean and 30 dirty eggs were also swabbed at each visit. In addition, 12 dirty and 12 clean eggs were collected to analyse eggshell and egg content. The samples were analysed using real-time PCR to detect type C/D C. botulinum. The bacterium was still detected in the house more than 5 months after the outbreak, mostly on the walls and in the egg circuit. Regarding egg contamination, the bacteria were detected only on the shell but not in the content of the eggs. Control measures should therefore be implemented throughout the egg production period to avoid dissemination of the bacteria, particularly during egg collection.

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Botulism

Cited by 15 publications

References 115 publications

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature

Clostridial diseases diagnosed in cattle from the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A forty-year survey (1978-2018) and a brief review of the literature

Economic impact of an outbreak of botulism in a cattle feedlot

Investigation of a type C/D botulism outbreak in free-range laying hens in France

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