Bonobos (Pan paniscus) vocally protest against violations of social expectations.

Abstract

24!Research has shown that great apes possess certain expectations about social 25! regularities and both perceive and act according to social rules within their group. included conflicts over a contested resource and conflicts that were provoked by 36! the victim, while unexpected aggression was any spontaneous, unprovoked 37! hostility towards the victim. For each conflict, we also determined its severity and 38! the composition of the nearby audience. We found that the acoustic and temporal 39! structure of victim screams was individually distinct and varied significantly 40! depending on whether or not aggression could be socially predicted. Certain 41! acoustic parameters also varied as a function of conflict severity, but unlike social 42! expectation, conflict severity did not discriminate scream acoustic structure 43! overall .We found no effect of audience composition. We concluded that, beyond

Targeted helping and cooperation in zoo-living chimpanzees and bonobos

“…An alternative explanation might be that bonobos are better able to interpret such behaviours, possibly due to enhanced empathetic abilities. As discussed above, bonobos seem more adept at processing socially relevant stimuli [34,[37][38][39] and could have benefited from their possibly heightened awareness of their partners' needs in our study. Either of these explanations might have helped bonobos to understand the cooperative task more easily than chimpanzees.…”

“…Herrmann et al [37] found that bonobos performed better than chimpanzees on tasks related to theory of mind abilities, possibly reflecting the differences found in brain areas. Clay et al [38] showed that bonobos are sensitive to whether social expectations during aggressive conflicts are violated. Screams emitted by victims of aggression varied depending on whether the aggression was unexpected or could be socially predicted (e.g.…”

Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Insights From Non-human Primates

“…However, exceptions exist, which eventually even include infanticide (Townsend et al, 2007). Naturalistic observations show that bystanders who observe harmful behaviors often show strong reactions (Goodall, 1971;de Waal, 1991), such as waa barks (protest vocalizations: Clay et al, 2016), and even direct interventions in the form of policing (Rudolf von Rohr et al, 2012). Harmful behaviors toward infants elicit particularly strong reactions (Goodall, 1977;Townsend et al, 2007), such as interventions and defense of the mother-infant pair by multiple group members, sometimes culminating in highly dramatic situations.…”

Normative Practices of Other Animals

“…In an ultimatum game, make more equitable divisions after partner protests (Proctor 2013) Neither sex disperses from resident orca natal groups; with no inbreeding, mating occurs within community and sometimes clan, but never the same pod (Barrett-Lennard 2000) Protest infanticide (Rudolf von Rohr et al 2011) After a human approached a dolphin calf, the mother approached the familiar tour group leader, rather than the trespasser, and tail slapped the water; authors interpret as protesting norm violations (White 2007; Bonobos protest unexpected social violations (Clay et al 2016) Distribution of labor-based on skill Cooperatively hunt monkeys in groups of four after years of training (Boesch 1994) One dolphin ("the driver") herds fish against a wall of conspecifics; the same individual in each group repeatedly serves as driver (Gazda et al 2005) One dolphin swims in circles around shoal of fish, strikes muddy bottom with tail, creating a mud-ring around fish; the rest of the group gathers outside of the ring, catching jumping fish (Torres & Read 2009) Humpback whales specialize in different elements of cooperative foraging; particular individuals are bubble-blowers or trumpeters communication behavior (Kühl et al 2016) between and within generations and over distance as innovations are introduced Signature whistles, petting, and synchronous swimming differentiate stable social units of Bottlenose dolphins from more loosely associated community members (Conner et al 2000;Pack 2010) Northern resident orcas rub their bodies on particular underwaterpebble beaches, whereas other resident communities or sympatric transients do not; the same beaches are revisited throughout generations (Ford et al 2000; A subgroup of the larger Shark Bay dolphin community uses sponges as foraging tools and attaches sponges to their rostrums to forage amongst sharp rocks; others sharing same habitat do not exhibit this socially learned behavior (Mann et al 2012) Self-sacrifice Lack of evidence of self-sacrifice accounted for by a lack of cultural systems of reward; otherwise warfare is a good model of early human warfare (Wrangham & Glowacki 2012) Some highly socially structured cetacean groups beach themselves in mass strandings, following each other onto the beach in a deliberate manner; typically won't leave the beach by themselves (Connor & Norris 1982;Simmonds 1997;Evans et al 2002; Whitehead & Rendell 2015) Figure 5. Solidarity norms: regarding social cohesion, group identity, and belonging…”