Bone Tissue Engineering through 3D Bioprinting of Bioceramic Scaffolds: A Review and Update

Abstract

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative medicine. Structures that closely mimic bone tissue can be produced by this unique technology. The steady development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffold therapy has played an important role in achieving the desired goal. Bioceramic scaffolds are widely studied and appear to be the most promising solution. In addition, 3D printing technology can simulate mechanical and biological surface properties and print with high precision complex internal and external structures to match their functional properties. Inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printing are among the rapidly advancing bone bioprinting technologies. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has recently shown an important role in this field, although large tissue defects are difficult to fill by injection alone. The combination of 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells has shown very promising results. Therefore, biocompatible artificial tissue engineering with living cells is the key element required for clinical applications where there is a high demand for bone defect repair. Furthermore, the emergence of various advanced manufacturing technologies has made the form of biomaterials and their functions, composition, and structure more diversified, and manifold. The importance of this article lies in that it aims to briefly review the main principles and characteristics of the currently available methods in orthopedic bioprinting technology to prepare bioceramic scaffolds, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects for applications in this promising and vital field.

Novel Epigenetic Modulation Chitosan-Based Scaffold as a Promising Bone Regenerative Material

“…This phenomenon is explained by weak non-covalent immobilization between TSA molecules and the polymeric chain of CS. Evidence has shown that microfabrication techniques, such as 3-dimensional printing or electrospinning and using a microsphere release system, can enable drug molecules to sustain release in sequential manners [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Further studies should be conducted to modify the fabrication procedure and TSA loading method, resulting in a controlled release fashion.…”

A dual osteoconductive-osteoprotective implantable device for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation

“…Bone grafts are used in medical practice to the benefit of millions of American patients in need for restorations required as a result of congenital defects, trauma, cancer, or other forms of skeletal damage. These grafts are made either from natural bone, or increasingly from biocompatible materials, as we gain a better understanding of the body's response to their properties, to the incorporated extracellular matrix components, and to the use of cellular constituents (32).…”

The Dual Effect of 3D-Printed Biological Scaffolds Composed of Diverse Biomaterials in the Treatment of Bone Tumors

“… 54–56 However, conventional 3D-printed bioceramics scaffolds also exhibit disadvantages such as single function, difficulty inducing angiogenesis, low bone formation efficiency, inability to treat tumors, and ease of bacterial reproduction, which hinder the development of bioceramics scaffolds. 57 Due to the advancement of research, bioceramic scaffolds composed of a single material are rarely employed. Based on traditional calcium phosphate-based and calcium silicon-based materials, 3D-printed bioceramics scaffolds are further optimized by methods such as apparent function change, trace element doping, and nanostructure construction, making them an ideal alternative material in bone tissue engineering.…”