Bone tissue engineering is a complicated field requiring concerted participation of cells, scaffolds, and osteoactive molecules to replace damaged bone. This study synthesized a chitosan-based (CS) scaffold incorporated with trichostatin A (TSA), an epigenetic modifier molecule, to achieve promising bone regeneration potential. The scaffolds with various biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) proportions: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% were fabricated. The addition of BCP improved the scaffolds’ mechanical properties and delayed the degradation rate, whereas 20% BCP scaffold matched the appropriate scaffold requirements. The proper concentration of TSA was also validated. Our developed scaffold released TSA and sustained them for up to three days. The scaffold with 800 nM of TSA showed excellent biocompatibility and induced robust osteoblast-related gene expression in the primary human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). To evaluate in vivo bone regeneration potential, the scaffolds were implanted in the mice calvarial defect model. The excellent bone regeneration ability was further demonstrated in the micro-CT and histology sections compared to both negative control and commercial bone graft product. New bone formed in the CS/BCP/TSA group revealed a trabeculae-liked characteristic of the mature bone as early as six weeks. The CS/BCP/TSA scaffold is an up-and-coming candidate for the bone tissue engineering scaffold.
Chitosan
is a potential biopolymer for cell recognition and targeting;
however, when those functions are based on cationic amine groups of
chitosan, cell damage is a concern. This study presents water-based
chitosan conjugated with thymine (CsT) through a mild and homogeneous
conjugating reaction via amide bond without the use of organic and/or
acidic solvents. The CsT displays water-solubility in a wide range
of pH. A series of comparative gel retardation assays confirm the
selective binding with poly(A), resulting in nanoparticles of 100
to 250 nm in size. PrestoBlue cell viability assay clarifies nontoxicity
and reveals noncytotoxicity to normal colon cells but inhibition of
colon cancer cells. This simple pathway for water-soluble chitosan–nucleic
acid leads to synergistic effects of cell compatibility and DNA recognition.
Multistimuli-responsive
polymers are important for controlled release.
Owing to the fact that these polymers are derived from vinyl-based
monomers, their decoration with other molecules is limited. Polysaccharides,
especially chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), are pH-responsive
biopolymers, whose chemical structures contain reactive functional
groups for feasible chemical modifications to obtain add-on functions.
The present work demonstrates the introduction of polymers with upper
critical solution temperature (UCST) and lower critical solution temperature
(LCST) performances onto CS and HA, respectively. By simply varying
the mole ratio between the CS-containing UCST polymer and the HA-containing
LCST polymer along with adjusting the pH, a polymer system with a
UCST-LCST-pH multiresponsive window can be obtained. This multiresponsive
window enables us to control the encapsulation and release with repeatability
as evidenced from a model study on lysozyme. The present work, for
the first time, shows a simple approach to obtain multiresponsive
biodegradable polymers through the formation of a single polymer complex
to tailor a specific multiresponsive window.
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