Bolometer for ITER

Reichle, R.; Stott, P.E.; Fuchs, Julien; Gorini, G.; Gianella, R.; Sindoni, E.; Mast, K. F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0369-5_69

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Temperature is measured by four metal resistors, two behind each absorber on the other side of the substrate, in an AC-driven Wheatstone configuration. This type of bolometer was originally developed with Kapton [11] and mica foil [12] substrates and gold resistors and absorbers. Although rather insensitive compared with (non-radiation hard) bolometers used in other applications, it is sufficiently sensitive for ITER, and suitable for high in-vessel temperatures (e.g.…”

Section: Bolometer Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear technology aspects of ITER vessel-mounted diagnostics

Vayakis

Bertalot

Encheva

et al. 2011

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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ITER has diagnostics with machine protection, basic and advanced control, and physics roles. Several are distributed on the inner and outer periphery of the vacuum vessel. They have reduced maintainability compared to diagnostics in ports. They also endure some of the highest nuclear and EM loads of any diagnostic for the longest time. They include:Inductive sensors for time-integrated and raw inductive measurements; Steady-state magnetic sensors to correct drifts of the inductive sensors;Bolometer cameras to provide electromagnetic radiation tomography; Microfission chambers and neutron activation stations to provide fusion power and fluence; MM-wave reflectometry to measure the plasma density profile and the plasma-wall distance and;Wiring to service magnetics, bolometry, and in-vessel instrumentation. This paper summarises the key technological issues these diagnostics arising from the nuclear environment, recent progress and outstanding R&D for each system.

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Section: Bolometer Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear technology aspects of ITER vessel-mounted diagnostics

Vayakis

Bertalot

Encheva

et al. 2011

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…11, where a Kapton substrate is used, for JET a version with a mica substrate was developed. 12 The mica bolometers do not need to be cooled and have for several years been operated at 320°C, which is the temperature at which the vacuum vessel is kept. The bolometers can be calibrated in situ, 11 i.e., without a calibrated light source, by heating the bolometer by passing a known current through the signal resistors and measuring the response.…”

Section: The Jet Divertor Bolometer Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of geometrical detection-system properties for two-dimensional tomography

Ingesson

Maggi

Reichle

2000

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Quantities that characterize the three-dimensional geometrical properties of detection systems for two-dimensional tomography are reviewed and compared. It is discussed how the quantities can be calculated and how they can be measured, including a measuring technique that uses a parallel laser beam. In many detection systems the finite detector size and the finite sizes of bounding apertures are not negligible, and these result in instrument functions with finite widths. Line-integral measurements are referred to as ideal measurements, whereas measurements by systems with instrument functions with finite width are nonideal. The quantities discussed make it possible to take into account these finite sizes in several tomography algorithms. If the spacing between adjacent lines of sight is much smaller than the widths of the instrument functions, the ideal measurements can be approximately reconstructed from the nonideal measurements. Such a reconstruction has been applied to bolometer measurements in a high plasma-density discharge in the Joint European Torus tokamak by sweeping the plasma in front of the bolometer detectors. The sweeping creates many extra virtual lines of sight and thus increases the resolution of the measurements close to the X point, where in high-density plasmas a peak in the radiation is found.

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“…The design integration efforts led to 550 individual LOS which are defined by 71 cameras distributed toroidally and poloidally over the ITER VV. It is based on the work performed for the Conceptual Design Review (CDR) following ideas generated already for the first ITER design [5,6]. Since the CDR the LOS distribution evolved to account for integration issues.…”

Section: Overview Of the Iter Bolometer Diagnosticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance estimations for the ITER bolometer diagnostic

Meister

Penzel

Szabo-Balint

et al. 2019

Fusion Engineering and Design

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The ITER bolometer diagnostic shall provide the measurement of the total radiation emitted from the plasma, a part of the overall energy balance. Up to 550 lines-of-sight (LOS) will be installed in ITER observing the whole plasma from many different angles to enable reliable measurements and tomographic reconstructions of the spatially resolved radiation profile. The performance of the diagnostic is intimately linked to the constraints imposed by the design requirements, the sensor and data acquisition design, as well as expected noise levels.The results presented contain the estimated signal intensities for the current design and integration of bolometer cameras in ITER, based on the simulated radiation profile for the ITER standard scenario (DT-plasma at 15 MA, 500 MW with low impurity content). The corresponding power deposited onto the absorber ranges between 0.5 µW and 2 mW. The expected noise levels derived mainly from lab measurements and compared to operating bolometer systems yield estimated values for ITER in the order of 1 µW, clearly indicating a need for optimizing the diagnostic.The optimization potential is discussed. Cameras for which the light yield could be increased are identified. Also, the potential for enhancing the sensitivity by using different absorber thicknesses is explored.

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Bolometer for ITER

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Nuclear technology aspects of ITER vessel-mounted diagnostics

Nuclear technology aspects of ITER vessel-mounted diagnostics

Characterization of geometrical detection-system properties for two-dimensional tomography

Performance estimations for the ITER bolometer diagnostic

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