Body mass but not vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral content and density in young school children in northern Sweden

Abstract

BackgroundHigh latitude of residence where sun exposure is limited affects vitamin D status. Although vitamin D levels have been associated with poor bone health, cut-off values for optimising bone health are yet to be decided.ObjectiveTo assess vitamin D intake and status among young school children living at latitude 63–64 °N, in northern Sweden and to examine the association between vitamin D status and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD).DesignIn a cross-sectional study, diet was assessed by a 4-day food diary and a food frequency questionnaire in 8- to 9-year-old children (n=120). Energy, vitamin D, and calcium intakes were calculated. Physical activity was assessed using a pedometer for 7 days. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25[OH]D) levels were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry (n=113). BMC and BMD were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Height and weight were measured by standard procedures and BMI z-score was calculated using WHO AnthroPlus programme.ResultsThe majority of children, 91%, did not reach the recommended vitamin D intake of 7.5 µg/day and 50% had insufficient S-25[OH]D levels defined as <50 nmol/l. The highest concentrations of S-25[OH]D were observed during the summer months (p=0.01). Body mass (p<0.01) but not S-25[OH]D was associated with measures of BMC and BMD. Furthermore, boys had higher total BMC (p=0.01), total body less head BMC (p=0.02), fat free mass (p<0.01), and a higher degree of physical activity (p=0.01) compared to girls.ConclusionsBody mass was related to BMC and BMD measures in a population of prepubertal school children living at high latitudes in Sweden. Despite insufficient S-25[OH]D levels and low vitamin D intake, this did not appear to affect bone parameters. Prospective studies with repeated assessment of vitamin D status are needed to examine cut-off values for optimising bone health.

Association of Diet, Vitamin D Status, and Race/Ethnicity on Body Composition of Young Children (4 to 6 Years Old) Living in Southeastern United States

“…The main finding of this study was that age and BMI affect BMD and BMC in a diverse group of 4-to-6 year old children but not serum 25(OH)D concentration; however, 25(OH)D concentration was shown to be associated with percent body fat. These BMC and BMD outcomes are consistent with a study of 8-to-9 year old children in Sweden [13]. Also, this latter result complements a study that reported obesity and serum 25(OH)D concentrations are inversely related [14].…”

Spacial variations of anthropometric dimensions of children of first and second childhood in connection with anthropogenic, climatic and geographical factors

“…òàçîãðåáíåâîé øèðèíîé ó äåòåé â ïðîöåññå ðîñòà; äðóãèå ïðîïîðöèè îáÿçàíû â ñâîåé âàðèàöèè áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ôàêòîðó ïèòàíèÿ è îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèì ìåõàíèçìàì ðîñòà [Cowgill et al, 2012] Îòðèöàòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå õîëîäîâîãî ñòðåññà íà äëèíó òåëà îòìå÷åíî òàêaeå äëÿ ìåêñèêàíñêèõ äåòåé â âîçðàñòå 12-47 ìåñÿöåâ â öåíòðàëüíûõ è þaeíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ñòðàíû è âûñîêîãîðíûõ ðåãèîíàõ [Skoufias, Vinha, 2012]. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ðåãðåññèîííîãî àíàëèçà êëèìàòè÷åñêèå ïåðåìåííûå (ñðåäíåãîäîâîé óðîâåíü îñàäêîâ, ñðåäíåãîäîâàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà íà ìîìåíò ãåñòàöèè, ðîäîâ è â âîçðàñòå äåòåé 2-4 ãîäà), íå ñâÿçàíû ñ âàðèàöèÿìè äëèíû òåëà ìîëîäûõ aeåíùèíà è ìóae÷èí (âïëîòü äî 23 ëåò), êîðåííûõ aeèòåëåé Àìàçîíèè, (Áîëèâèÿ), íî òåì íå ìåíåå âíîñÿò âêëàä â èçìåí÷èâîñòü äëèíû òåëà äåòåé 2-12 ëåò: ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì òåìïåðàòóðû è âëàaeíîñòè äëèíà òåëà âûøå [Godov et al, 2008 [Nikooyeh et al, 2017, Videhult et al, 2016. Àññîöèàöèÿ ñîìàòè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé è îí-êîëîãè÷åñêîé çàáîëåâàåìîñòè -òåìà äëÿ îòäåëüíîé áåñåäû, íî êîíñïåêòèâíî ìîaeíî óïîìÿíóòü, ÷òî êðèâàÿ ïîëîâîçðàñòíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ÷àñòîòû îíêîëîãè÷åñêèõ çàáîëåâàíèé õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïèêîì â âîçðàñòíîé ãðóïïå 1-4 ãîäà, ñïàäîì -ó äåòåé 5-10 ëåò è ïîâòîðíûì ïîäúåìîì ñ 11-12 ëåò; à â ÷èñëå èíôîðìàòèâíûõ ñèìïòîìîâ/ñèíäðîìîâ îíêîëîãèè ïðèñóòñòâóåò è ñíèaeåíèå ìàññû òåëà [Áàðüÿø ñ ñîàâò., 2013;Âåðíåð, Êåéðî, 2008;Principles..., 2012].…”

Bioavailable 25(OH)D but Not Total 25(OH)D Is an Independent Determinant for Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Postmenopausal Women

“…Epidemiological studies have evaluated the correlation between the circulating 25(OH)D level and the BMD value, but the results were controversial. Some studies have reported a positive association between the serum 25(OH)D level and the BMD at the hip and spine (Saquib et al, 2006, von Muhlen et al, 2005), while others found no such association (Videhult et al, 2016, Sayed-Hassan et al, 2016, Garnero et al, 2007). The associations between the total 25(OH)D level and the biomarkers of bone turnover were also suggested to be affected by the sex, age, disease status and medication use of the study participants (Garnero et al, 2007, Lu et al, 2012, Hernandez et al, 2014).…”