Bluetooth Mesh Energy Consumption: A Model

Darroudi, Seyed Mahdi; Caldera-Sànchez, Raül; Gómez, Carles

doi:10.3390/s19051238

Cited by 49 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…As a result, the traffic that transits these links in 18 (a), is spread among the other links, producing a higher traffic intensity in the upper section of the mesh. Links 1-23 and [14][15][16][17][18][19] are clear examples of this. If the interference conditions of the environment are known, these results could provide valuable information regarding the mesh topology and the optimal placement of the relay nodes.…”

Section: Bluetooth Mesh Performance Under Wlan Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Performance of Bluetooth Mesh: Reliability, Delay, and Scalability Analysis

Rondón

Mahmood

Grimaldi

et al. 2020

IEEE Internet Things J.

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This article evaluates the quality-of-service performance and scalability of the recently released Bluetooth Mesh protocol and provides general guidelines on its use and configuration. Through extensive simulations, we analyzed the impact of the configuration of all the different protocol's parameters on the end-to-end reliability, delay, and scalability. In particular, we focused on the structure of the packet broadcast process, which takes place in time intervals known as Advertising Events and Scanning Events. Results indicate a high degree of interdependence among all the different timing parameters involved in both the scanning and the advertising processes and show that the correct operation of the protocol greatly depends on the compatibility between their configurations. We also demonstrated that introducing randomization in these timing parameters, as well as varying the duration of the Advertising Events, reduces the drawbacks of the flooding propagation mechanism implemented by the protocol. Using data collected from a real office environment, we also studied the behavior of the protocol in the presence of WLAN interference. It was shown that Bluetooth Mesh is vulnerable to external interference, even when implementing the standardized limitation of using only 3 out of the 40 Bluetooth Low Energy frequency channels. We observed that the achievable average delay is relatively low, of around 250 ms for over 10 hops under the worst simulated network conditions. However, results proved that scalability is especially challenging for Bluetooth Mesh since it is prone to broadcast storm, hindering the communication reliability for denser deployments.

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Section: Bluetooth Mesh Performance Under Wlan Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drawbacks of using a flooding model were addressed and diverse approaches to select the devices in the network to take on the relay role were proposed in [13]. More recently, a model of the current consumption, lifetime and energy cost per delivered bit was presented in [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Performance of Bluetooth Mesh: Reliability, Delay, and Scalability Analysis

Rondón

Mahmood

Grimaldi

et al. 2020

IEEE Internet Things J.

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“…The authors in [ 39 ] provided a model to predict critical energy consumption parameters of Low Power Nodes (LPN) in Bluetooth Mesh. They developed an analytical current consumption model based on experimental measurements on real hardware.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evaluation of 6BLEMesh: IPv6-Based BLE Mesh Networks

Darroudi

Gómez

2020

Sensors

Self Cite

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Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become a major wireless technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). Recent efforts of academia, industry and standards development organizations have focused on creating BLE mesh network solutions. 6BLEMesh is a specification being developed by the IETF that defines an IPv6-oriented approach for BLE mesh networking. In this paper, we perform an experimental evaluation of 6BLEMesh, based on a real implementation. We evaluate latency, round trip time (RTT) and energy consumption. For the latter, we model the device current consumption, we determine the energy efficiency of communication, and we obtain the theoretical device lifetime (for battery-operated devices), for three different hardware platforms. Under the assumptions in our study (including a simple 235 mAh battery, and periodic data transmission), the maximum, asymptotic, device lifetime is 573 days, whereas battery-operated router devices can also achieve 3-digit lifetimes (in days) in many scenarios. Our results also illustrate the impact on performance of BLE-level and application-level parameter settings, adaptation layer mechanisms such as IPv6 header compression, and device hardware characteristics.

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“…Apart from the physics of the sensors, there have been many studies that address the problem of reducing the energy consumption of the nodes, based on low energy communications protocols, architectures and solutions [9,10,11], and on the shape of the heating pulses applied to the sensors [3,12,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Garcı́a-Orellana

Macı́as-Macı́as

González-Velasco

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In this work, we present a complete hardware development and current consumption study of a portable electronic nose designed for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Thanks to the technique of measuring in the initial action period, it can be reliably powered with a moderate-sized battery. The system is built around the well-known SoC (System on Chip) ESP8266EX, using low-cost electronics and standard sensors from Figaro’s TGS26xx series. This SoC, in addition to a powerful microcontroller, provides Wi-Fi connectivity, making it very suitable for IoT applications. The system also includes a precision analog-to-digital converter for the measurements and a charging module for the lithium battery. During its operation, the designed software takes measurements periodically, and keeps the microcontroller in deep-sleep state most of the time, storing several measurements before uploading them to the cloud. In the experiments and tests carried out, we have focused our work on the measurement and optimization of current consumption, with the aim of extending the battery life. The results show that taking measurements every 4 min and uploading data every five measurements, the battery of 750 mAh needs to be charged approximately once a month. Despite the fact that we have used a specific model of gas sensor, this methodology is quite generic and could be extended to other sensors with lower consumption, increasing very significantly the duration of the battery.

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Bluetooth Mesh Energy Consumption: A Model

Cited by 49 publications

References 9 publications

Understanding the Performance of Bluetooth Mesh: Reliability, Delay, and Scalability Analysis

Understanding the Performance of Bluetooth Mesh: Reliability, Delay, and Scalability Analysis

Experimental Evaluation of 6BLEMesh: IPv6-Based BLE Mesh Networks

Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

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