Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements

Abstract

In this work, we present a complete hardware development and current consumption study of a portable electronic nose designed for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Thanks to the technique of measuring in the initial action period, it can be reliably powered with a moderate-sized battery. The system is built around the well-known SoC (System on Chip) ESP8266EX, using low-cost electronics and standard sensors from Figaro’s TGS26xx series. This SoC, in addition to a powerful microcontroller, provides Wi-Fi connectivity, making it very suitable for IoT applications. The system also includes a precision analog-to-digital converter for the measurements and a charging module for the lithium battery. During its operation, the designed software takes measurements periodically, and keeps the microcontroller in deep-sleep state most of the time, storing several measurements before uploading them to the cloud. In the experiments and tests carried out, we have focused our work on the measurement and optimization of current consumption, with the aim of extending the battery life. The results show that taking measurements every 4 min and uploading data every five measurements, the battery of 750 mAh needs to be charged approximately once a month. Despite the fact that we have used a specific model of gas sensor, this methodology is quite generic and could be extended to other sensors with lower consumption, increasing very significantly the duration of the battery.

Design and Application of a Low-Cost, Low- Power, LoRa-GSM, IoT Enabled System for Monitoring of Groundwater Resources With Energy Harvesting Integration

“…This pin was selected as the power input pin for the microcontroller. Weather conditions are one of the most important factors influencing the performance of solar panels [70]. According to the data we collected on the power efficiency of the solar panel connected to the end-node, the panel operates at 5.5V/338mA, 4.3V/205mA, and 4.0V/123mA for sunny, cloudy, and rainy hours, respectively.…”

On data collection time by an electronic nose

“…Special care [26] in the design of an electronic nose is required to provide a rapid change of sensors' exposure to different gases, remembering to ensure repeatability of measurement conditions. Szczurek et al [27] and Staymates et al [28] reported measurements in "sniffing" mode when frequent changes between studied odor and pure air occur or in the initial time of the sensors' action [29]. In Figure 3, we present another comparison of models' performance as a function of time of measurement from which data are available for model building.…”

A remote management system for control and surveillance of echinococcosis: design and implementation based on internet of things

“…The temperature sensor, GPS sensor, voltage sensor, low-power technology, and timing were employed to ensure the realisation of a series of functions [ 17 , 18 ]. The required executive modules of PZQ-delivery, malfunction alarm, video shooting, low-power control, and delivery reminder were all embedded and controlled by the central processing unit (CPU) [ 19 ]. The smart devices are fully equipped with waterproof, anti-collision, and cold-proof capabilities.…”