Blood Loss Due to Infection with Trichuris Trichiura *

Layrisse, Miguel; Aparcedo, Luisa; Martínez-Torres, Carlos; Roche, Marcel

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.613

Cited by 90 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Anemia can result from infections of Trichuris (whipworm), through intestinal loss [13]. Blood loss in children can be estimated to be about 0.005 mL/day/worm [14]. Because infestations of several thousand worms are not unusual, this can result in iron deficiency anemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency: A concise review

2005

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Iron deficiency is a major worldwide health problem. There is recent evidence that the anemia is only the last manifestation of the syndrome and that symptoms occur before the anemia is manifest. Advances in outlining the physiology of iron deficiency have been made, gaps remain in the current understanding. While oral iron supplement remains the mainstay, some indications for the intravenous administration have developed. This review will highlight the epidemiology, physiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options. Am.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency: A concise review

2005

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“…Since hookworm is known to be associated with iron deficiency we excluded patients with hookworm infection (135 patients). Since heavy Trichuris trichiura infections have been described as associated with blood loss, 6 9 patients with infections of more than 5,000 eggs per gram of stool were excluded. For the subgroup where erythrocyte abnormalities were recorded, a logistic regression model was generated using the presence or absence of anisocytosis as the dependent variable.…”

Section: Patients Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of helminth infection with decreased reticulocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration in Thai falciparum malaria.

Nacher

Singhasivanon²,

Phumratanaprapin³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Following a study showing an association between Ascaris and protection from cerebral malaria, we conducted a cross-sectional study comparing admission hemoglobin concentrations in relation to exposure to helminth infection in 2 separate groups of patients: 111 cerebral malaria cases and 180 mild Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases. Hookworm infections were excluded. Mean hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in helminthinfected patients compared to those without helminths, both in the cerebral malaria group (10.1 Ϯ 3 [n ϭ 47] versus 11.2 Ϯ 2.4 g/dl [n ϭ 64], P ϭ 0.04) and the mild malaria group (11 Ϯ 2.5 [n ϭ 89] vs 12.2 Ϯ 2.7 g/dl [n ϭ 91], P ϭ 0.004). Median reticulocyte counts, only available in the cerebral malaria group, were lower in helminth-infected patients compared to those without helminths (15,340/23,760 per l, P ϭ 0.03). Adjustments for confounders such as body mass index did not alter these associations. These data are consistent with a mechanism causing anemia linked to differences in the immune response of helminth-infected patients during malaria.

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“…A combination of these factors along with low dietary iron and increased requirements in infancy, adolescence and pregnancy can contribute to IDA (Fomon et al, 2003). The association between trichuriasis and IDA has been well documented (Otto, 1935;Burrows and Lillis, 1964;Layrisse et al, 1967;Robertson et al, 1992;Ramdath et al, 1994;Brito et al, 2003Brito et al, , 2006, as well as an association of IDA with premature delivery, low birth weight, altered gastrointestinal function, perinatal morbidity, decreased growth (Garn et al, 1981;Steer, 2000;Hamalainen et al, 2003), changes in behaviour, mental and motor development (Beard, 2003), lower iron transference to the foetus (Ramakrishnan, 2001), reduced physical work capacity (Haas and Brownlie, 2001) and an impaired immune system (Dallman, 1987). In Mexico, trichuriasis has remained an important human helminthiasis since the 1950s (Carrada-Bravo, 1988;Tay et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichuriasis and low-iron status in schoolchildren from Northwest Mexico

et al. 2010

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Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between trichuriasis and iron status in rural schoolchildren from Northwest Mexico. Subjects/Methods: A total of 73 schoolchildren (37 boys, 36 girls) between the ages of 6 and 10 years were voluntarily recruited from the public primary school of the rural community of El Higueral in Culiacan, Sinaloa (Northwest Mexico) for a cross-sectional study with a longitudinal follow-up of 5 weeks. Data were collected on socioeconomic status, anthropometry, haematological and biochemical indices of iron status, daily iron intake, and prevalence and intensity of trichuriasis. Multiple regression models, independent t-test and paired t-test were used to analyse the association between trichuriasis and iron status in cross-sectional and longitudinal samples, respectively. Adjusted models were tested for linear regression assumptions using residual plots. Results: The mean age of the Trichuris-free and Trichuris-infected groups was 7.7±1.3 and 7.7±1.5 years respectively (P ¼ 0.92). The height for age was significantly higher in the Trichuris-free group than the Trichuris-infected group (P ¼ 0.02). No differences were found in the socioeconomic variables between the two groups. At baseline, significantly higher concentrations of haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood cell count (RBC) and serum iron were measured in the Trichuris-free group compared with the Trichuris-infected children (Po0.05). An association was found between trichuriasis and haemoglobin adjusted for socioeconomic variables, age and sex. Haemoglobin, RBC and serum ferritin concentrations were significantly increased in the infected children 5 weeks after treatment (Po0.05). Conclusions: Trichuriasis could be a risk factor for low-iron status in the schoolchildren of Northwest Mexico.

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Blood Loss Due to Infection with Trichuris Trichiura *

Cited by 90 publications

References 0 publications

Iron deficiency: A concise review

Iron deficiency: A concise review

Association of helminth infection with decreased reticulocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration in Thai falciparum malaria.

Trichuriasis and low-iron status in schoolchildren from Northwest Mexico

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