Blood Concentrations of Chlortetracycline in Macaws Fed Medicated Pelleted Feed

Abstract

A trial was conducted to determine the suitability of using a pelleted diet containing chlortetracycline (CTC) for treatment of chlamydiosis in macaws. Macaws, normally fed seed and fruit diets in captivity, are notoriously difficult to treat with CTC-medicated mash diets. Healthy macaws fed a pelleted diet containing 1% or 1.5% CTC for 30 or 45 days maintained adequate food intake and mean blood concentrations of 1-2 CTC micrograms/ml blood throughout the treatment period. There were no significant differences between blood concentrations induced by the different dietary CTC concentrations. Blood concentrations of 1 microgram/ml are considered therapeutic, so it is likely that 1% CTC-medicated pellets will be adequate for treating chlamydiosis in these species.

Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds, 2005

“…Select a pellet size appropriate for the size of bird being treated. 14,15 • A special diet might be necessary for lories and lorikeets, which feed on nectar and fruit in the wild. 16 E Ex xp pe er ri im me en nt ta al l M Me et th ho od ds s Treatment protocols that use late-generation macrolides and pharmacist-compounded injectable doxycycline are under investigation.…”

An Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Captive Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona Aestiva) in Brazil

“…Select a pellet size appropriate for the size of bird being treated. 137,138 A special diet might be necessary for lories and lorikeets, which feed on nectar and fruit in the wild. 139 …”

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species

“…Gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic bacteria are poten‐tial microbial pathogens of birds (Gerlach, 1994). Several studies have been published regarding the use of aminoglycosides (Gronwall et al ., 1989; Flammer et al ., 1990c; Ramsay & Vulliet, 1993; Itoh et al ., 1996; Kollias et al ., 1996), penicillins (Ensley & Janssen, 1981; Kaukas et al ., 1987; Jacobs‐Reitsma et al ., 1994), chloramphenicol (Clark et al ., 1982), fluoroquinolones (Flammer et al ., 1990a, 1991; Raemdonck et al ., 1992; Ortiz et al ., 1995), and tetracyclines (Williams, 1985; Flammer et al ., 1989, 1990b; Prus et al ., 1992; Moreno et al ., 1996) to treat bacterial infections in psittacine and domestic avian species; however, there is a paucity in the literature regarding the use of cephalosporins. Ceftiofur, a third generation, semi synthetic cephalosporin has excellent bactericidal efficacy against a variety of gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic pathogens, including many species of Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli (Brown et al ., 1991b).…”