Blood Ammonium and Lactate Accumulation Response to Different Training Protocols Using the Parallel Squat Exercise

Abstract

Three parallel squat protocols with equal total work volume were used to determine the metabolic response of resistance exercise with different practical training protocols combining program variables in the way that they are typically prescribed in field. Sixteen men able to back squat 1.5 times their body weight participated in the study. Individualized muscular endurance (ME), strength (STR), and hypertrophy (HYP) squat workouts were developed based on a 1 repetition maximum back squat. Each protocol was performed 3-7 days apart in random order. Venous blood was obtained after 5 minutes of seated rest both before and after each workout for ammonium and lactate analysis. The ME protocol (79.8 μM [SD = 45.4], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 55.7-104.0) produced a greater change of plasma ammonium than both the HYP (45.3 μM [SD = 34.5], 95% CI: 26.9-63.6, p = 0.017) and STR (31.7 μM [SD = 52.3], 95% CI: 3.9-59.6, p = 0.006) protocols. Change of blood lactate concentration from resting levels to postexercise levels was significantly different (p = 0.005) between ME (6.1 mM [SD = 2.9], 95% CI: 4.6-7.7) and STR (3.9 mM [SD = 2.5], 95% CI: 2.6-5.2) protocols. The main finding of this study is that blood ammonium and lactate seem to accumulate in response to an increasing number of repetitions with decreasing rest time between sets. As consequence, a greater number of repetitions should be added to a resistance workout, along with a shorter rest time between sets when training for events that induce a large metabolic load. The metabolic accumulation associated with high repetition exercise may represent the need for longer recovery time between these types of workouts compared with workouts using a low number of repetitions.

Understanding the Effects of Beetroot Juice Intake on CrossFit Performance by Assessing Hormonal, Metabolic and Mechanical Response: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Design

“…A predominantly anaerobic metabolism was evidenced in both experimental conditions by the lactate concentrations detected. Rogatzki et al demonstrated using a parallel squat exercise in which lactate appears to accumulate in response to a rising number of repetitions with reducing recovery time between sets [62]. In their study, a workout of muscular endurance was compared with a hypertrophy workout.…”

“…The fall in SpO 2 and the blood lactate concentrations determined a signi cant metabolic fatigue in both experimental conditions. Rises in lactate values provides information about a possible state of muscle fatigue [62]. Previous ndings in CF practitioners have determined that metabolic fatigue is associated with post-exercise muscular fatigue [64].…”

Adaption of Maximal Glycolysis Rate after Resistance Exercise with Different Volume Load

“…In various studies, high-energy substrates, such as creatine phosphate (PCr) and adenylic acids (ATP, ADP), were examined during strength exertion or strength training and significant changes in concentration were observed during and immediately after exertion [2,3]. Other studies show the high burden on anaerobic energy metabolism using lactate concentration [La + ], which is mostly considered post-load [4][5][6][7].…”

Blood lactate level in Elite boy swimmers after lactate tolerance exercise test

“…Exercise increases the concentration of the blood lactate. Additionally, blood lactate is related to intensity (Rogatzki et al, 2014;Vescovi et al, 2011) and distance of exercise (Keskinen et al, 2007;Vescovi et al, 2011). Issurin et al (Issurin et al, 2001) has found that the highest level of lactate concentrations is formed during butterfly swimming, followed by other styles including breaststroke, backstroke and freestyle swimming indicated by three different tests with 22 highly trained swimmers (14 male, 8 females) as subjects.…”

“…The results showed that the plasma lactate concentration increased immediately after the exercise in comparison to former results -24 hours after exercise -at all levels of intensity (Sholi et al, 2015). Rogatzki et al reported that blood ammonium and lactate seemed to accumulate in response to an increasing number of repetitions with decreasing rest time between sets (Rogatzki et al, 2014). Bonifazi et al showed that the post-competition blood lactate concentrations were higher in the main competitions than in the preparatory competitions (Bonifazi et al, 2000).…”