Pre-diabetes increased the development of diabetes mellitus (type 2). The aim of study was to determine the association of body weight, education and marital status with pre-diabetes in an Iranian urban population. A sample of 788 subjects (360 men and 428 women) between the ages 30–85 years participated in our study and anthropometric measurements, educational level and fasting blood sugar of participants were recorded. The t and Chi square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables. The association of age, BMI categories, educational level and marital status to pre-diabetes was assessed by estimating the odds ratio. A p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The analysis was done using SPSS version 11.5. Our study showed that pre-diabetic subjects were older and low educated than normoglycemic subjects. Mean BMI and educational level were associated to pre-diabetes only in women. The odds of being pre-diabetes also were higher in obese women than in normal BMI women. No relationship was found between education and marital status with pre-diabetes in both men and women. Based on our finding, it is possible that advancing age and obesity has increased in pre-diabetes. This highlights the importance of population based survey to monitor blood glucose for effective prevention and control.

BackgroundPre-hypertension is associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease and raises mortality risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension and to explore the associations between pre-hypertension and established cardiovascular risk factors in a population-based sample of Iranian adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study a representative sample of 892 participants aged ≥30 years was selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. After completion of a detailed demographic and medical questionnaire (gender, age, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, taking antihypertensive or hypoglycemic agents and history of smoking), all participants were subjected to physical examination, blood lipid profile, blood glucose, anthropometric and smoking assessments, during the years 2009 and 2010. Variables were considered significant at a p-value ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software.ResultsPre-hypertension was observed among 300 (33.7%) subjects, 36.4% for men and 31.4% for women (p > 0.05). The pre-hypertensive group had higher levels of blood glucose and triglycerides, higher body mass index and lower percentage of smoking than did the normotensive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that obesity and overweight were the strongest predictors of pre-hypertension [odds ratio, 2.74: 95% CI (Confidence Interval), 1.62 to 4.62 p < 0.001; odds ratio, 2.56, 95% CI, 1.74 to 3.77, p < 0.001 respectively].ConclusionsOverweight and obesity are major determinants of the high prevalence rate of pre-hypertension detected in Iranian population. Therefore, primary prevention strategies should concentrate on reducing overweight and obesity if the increased prevalence of pre-hypertension is to be diminished in Iranian adults.

Purpose The incidence of obesity is globally increasing and it is a predisposing factor for morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the prevalence of metabolically unhealthy (MU) individuals and its determinants according to body mass index (BMI). Materials and method In our cross-sectional study, 891 persons aged 30 years or older participated. Participants were classified as obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI 25–<30 kg/m 2 and normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m 2 ). Metabolic health status was defined using four existing cardio-metabolic abnormalities (elevated blood pressure, elevated serum concentrations of triglyceride and fasting glucose and a low serum concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol). Then, two phenotypes were defined: healthy (existence of 0–1 cardio-metabolic abnormalities) and unhealthy (presence of 2 or more cardio-metabolic abnormalities). Result Overall, 10.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.8–13.0) and 7.2% (95% CI: 5.5–8.9) of participants were MU obese and metabolically healthy obese, respectively. The prevalence of MU was higher in overweight (55.6%; 95% CI: 50.6–60.6, p <0.001) and obese (60.2%; 95% CI: 52.8–67.6, p =0.001) subjects than in individuals with a normal weight (37.5%; 95% CI: 29.4–42.6). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an association of a MU state with age and dyslipidaemia in the BMI subgroups and with female sex in the normal weight individuals. Conclusion The prevalence of a MU state increased with increasing BMI. Ageing and dyslipidaemia were associated with an unhealthy metabolic state in normal weight, overweight and obese subjects and with the female sex in normal weight subjects.

In Iran, more than 40% of mortality is a result of cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study was compare of cardiovascular risk factors in urban men and women. This cross-sectional analytic study was performed in urban population of Jahrom in 2008-2009. Subjects aged 30 years or older were selected by multi stage random sampling. Serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL cholesterol and also fasting blood sugar were measured. Their blood pressure was measured under standard method. Weight and height were measured with light clothes and without shoes. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors in men were overweight (41.3%) and hypertension (35.1%) and in women were low HDL cholesterol (51.3%) and overweight (44.4%). The prevalence of obesity and low HDL cholesterol was higher and the prevalence of smoking was lower in women than in men (p<0.001). According to our results, the prevalence of risk factors was high in both genders. So the importance of performing interventional programs such as changes of lifestyle and dietary habits are needed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

There is a rapidly growing trend in the consumption of herbal remedies in the developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of orally administered Date Palm Pollen (DPP) on the results of semen analysis in adult infertile men. Forty infertile men participated in our study. They were treated by Pollen powder 120 mg kg(-1) in gelatinous capsules every other day, for two months. Before and at the end of therapy, the semen was collected after masturbation and sperm numbers, motility and morphology were determined. Our findings revealed that consumption of DPP improved the sperm count. The treatment was significantly increased sperm motility, morphology and forward progressive motility. Date palm pollen seems to cure male infertility by improving the quality of sperm parameters.

Objectives: Toxoplasmosis is one of the neglected parasitic disease in humans and animals that produced via toxoplasma gondii. This study we implemented an umbrella review of all existing systematic reviews, meta-analyzing studies to apprise, and summarize seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis in worldwide. Methods: The search was carried out in databases including: Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and global health from their start dates until December 2018 in Persian and English language. A total of 21 systematics review and meta-analysis met the inclusion criteria of umbrella review. The Q test and the I 2 statistic were used to evaluate heterogeneities. Quality assessment were performed and made use of the AMSTAR tool. Results: The estimated pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in blood donors, Immunocompromised patients, childbearing age women, general population, newborns and children, pregnant women and overall was 33% (95% CI, 29.0–38.0%), 42.0% (95 CI, 34.0–49.0%), 32.0% (CI, 26.0–38.0%), 42.0% (CI, 38.0–45.0%), 4.0% (CI, 2.0–5.0%), 40.0% (CI,37.0–44.0%), and 36% (CI, 24.0–48.0%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of our umbrella review show a higher seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in immunocompromised patients, general population, pregnant women, blood donors, childbearing age women, and newborn groups, respectively. Routine serologic screening test and health education by primary care physicians for Toxoplasmosis is recommended to be conducted in high-risk groups in the endemic region.

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Background: Failure to thrive is one of the most important health problems of children around the word and in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating factors associated with failure to thrive among the children aged 3 to 72 months in Jahrom city of southern Iran. Methods: This case-control study comprised of 250 children aged 3 to 72 months. The case group included children with growth curves below the third percentile in more than one measurement and children above the third percentile with failure to gain weight or with weight loss during at least 1 month. The control group was selected from children with normal growth rate. The case and control groups were matched in terms of age and gender. The chi-square test and logistic regression method were applied for analysis of data using the SPSS 17 software. Results: Failure to thrive in children was significantly associated with factors, such as lower level of mother's education (OR = 4.29, %95 CI = 1.80 -10.25, P < 0.001), mother's body mass index being less than 18.5 before pregnancy (OR = 22.06, %95CI = 4.83 -100.73, P < 0.001), parental consanguinity (OR = 2.02, %95CI = 1.081 -3.79, P = 0.028), and bottle feeding (OR = 2.72, %95CI = 1.34 -5.34, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Failure to thrive causes serious complications in children later in their lives. With regards to the relatively high prevalence of this problem among children aged under 6 years of age, it is therefore deemed necessary, as an important health problem, to identify factors associated with this disorder, improve pre-pregnancy care, promote women's education level, and train parents to consider appropriate nutrition of children and healthy pregnancy.