Blockchain based solutions to secure IoT: Background, integration trends and a way forward

Saxena, Shivam; Bhushan, Bharat; Ahad, Mohd Abdul

doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103050

Cited by 134 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…Blockchain is a decentralized collection of nodes that offers immutability, privacy, security, and an append-only data structure that is openly distributed among many non-trusting nodes and in which new blocks can only be added to the end of the existing chain without altering the preceding blocks [38]. The ability of a system to confirm the accuracy and trustworthiness of a block without any trusted third party is a key advantage of adopting a blockchain application [39].…”

Section: Blockchain Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

et al. 2022

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It has been proven that Internet of Things (IoT) platforms can improve the performance and efficiency of a wide range of processes. With the acceptance of IoT as a major part of the technology of Industry 4.0, the notion of leveraging the Internet in industries to enable automation and reconfigure existing industrial processes has greatly evolved. By introducing smart technology and intelligent processes, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is committed to bringing high operational efficiency, enhanced productivity, and effective management to industrial assets. Despite this, the reliance of IIoT on central architecture presents numerous challenges, including the security and maintenance of smart devices, privacy issues owing to third-party participation, and massive computations conducted by a central entity, all of which prevent its widespread adoption in businesses. Emerging blockchain technologies have the potential to transform IIoT platforms and applications. A distributed and decentralized approach followed by blockchain might offer interesting solutions to the challenges raised by IIoT. Furthermore, 5G networks are expected to deliver excellent solutions to meet the demands of decentralized systems, with a focus on application-specific vulnerabilities. Blockchain and IIoT, enabled by 5G, is a viable option to fully explore the potential of contemporary industry. In this context, this article analyzes and examines recent achievements to highlight the major obstacles in blockchain-IIoT convergence and presents a framework for potential solutions. Directions for the future are also provided and intend to assist researchers in understanding the full potential of these innovations.

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Section: Blockchain Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

et al. 2022

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“…Internet of things (IoT) may be termed as the veins of the smart city as it is present in all entities of the smart city ecosystem and connects each dot (node), as every device of the smart city is required to be interconnected [146][147][148]. Such arrangements make it possible for the devices to connect and communicate amongst themselves and make decisions for the efficient management of the smart city services.…”

Section: Internet Of Thingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There exist very unique issues and challenges in the development of smart city initiatives. They are broadly classified into five categories namely technical, socioeconomic, environmental, societal, and ethical, as detailed in Figure 7 [144][145][146][147][148][149][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164].…”

Section: Issues and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges

Ahmad

Ahad

Alam

et al. 2021

Sensors

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A large section of the population around the globe is migrating towards urban settlements. Nations are working toward smart city projects to provide a better wellbeing for the inhabitants. Cyber-physical systems are at the core of the smart city setups. They are used in almost every system component within a smart city ecosystem. This paper attempts to discuss the key components and issues involved in transforming conventional cities into smart cities with a special focus on cyber-physical systems in the Indian context. The paper primarily focuses on the infrastructural facilities and technical knowhow to smartly convert classical cities that were built haphazardly due to overpopulation and ill planning into smart cities. It further discusses cyber-physical systems as a core component of smart city setups, highlighting the related security issues. The opportunities for businesses, governments, inhabitants, and other stakeholders in a smart city ecosystem in the Indian context are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the issues and challenges concerning technical, financial, and other social and infrastructural bottlenecks in the way of realizing smart city concepts along with future research directions.

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“…To evaluate whether there is a small-world phenomenon in the real network, we calculated the average shortest path length and average clustering coefficient of the real network in the selected range according to Formulas (5)- (8). According to Algorithm 4, we constructed and calculated these two indices of random graphs of the same scale and calculated z according to Formula (9).…”

Section: Small-world Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blockchain technology is used to create a collectively maintained peer-to-peer trust network environment that can be integrated with technologies such as the Internet of Things [3], cloud computing [4,5], and mobile edge computing [6,7]. With the help of blockchain technology, it not only solves numerous data security and privacy problems in the Internet of Things and other systems [8] but also reshapes the blockchain to meet the specific needs of the Internet of Things to develop Internet of Things applications based on blockchain [9]. Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EOS.IO blockchain data analysis

et al. 2021

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Cryptocurrency is a relatively mature application of blockchain technology. The openness of transaction records provides researchers with the opportunity to analyse and compare various cryptocurrencies. The EOS public chain based on EOS. IO supports millions of transactions per second, with billions of transactions, and provides data analysts with a large quantity of analysable transaction data. Combined with the Ethereum platform data of the same period, this paper focuses on the transaction data in the EOS.IO blockchain and analyses the data in the Ethereum and EOS.IO chains from a complex network perspective. By constructing cumulative networks and time-slicing methods, constructing transaction networks of different scales, and dynamically analysing the laws of transaction network changes over time, we find that many transactions, such as transaction volume and transaction relationships, exhibit heavy-tail characteristics and conform to a power-law distribution. In particular, with the change in time and the growth in network scale, the power-law distribution is time-invariant. Our research can verify and predict the progress of blockchain development. Through graph analysis, we also obtained some other observations and discovered some interesting mathematical characteristics that explain the actual interactions that occurred on the blockchain.

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Blockchain based solutions to secure IoT: Background, integration trends and a way forward

Cited by 134 publications

References 181 publications

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges

EOS.IO blockchain data analysis

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