Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges

Abstract

A large section of the population around the globe is migrating towards urban settlements. Nations are working toward smart city projects to provide a better wellbeing for the inhabitants. Cyber-physical systems are at the core of the smart city setups. They are used in almost every system component within a smart city ecosystem. This paper attempts to discuss the key components and issues involved in transforming conventional cities into smart cities with a special focus on cyber-physical systems in the Indian context. The paper primarily focuses on the infrastructural facilities and technical knowhow to smartly convert classical cities that were built haphazardly due to overpopulation and ill planning into smart cities. It further discusses cyber-physical systems as a core component of smart city setups, highlighting the related security issues. The opportunities for businesses, governments, inhabitants, and other stakeholders in a smart city ecosystem in the Indian context are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the issues and challenges concerning technical, financial, and other social and infrastructural bottlenecks in the way of realizing smart city concepts along with future research directions.

Co-Occurrence Fingerprint Data-Based Heterogeneous Transfer Learning Framework for Indoor Positioning

“…FIPS are defined as signal features that are valuable for position classifications, such as fingerprints, RSS [ 2 , 37 ], and channel state information (CSI) [ 38 ]; as an example, conventional FIPS contain two phases, i.e., the offline fingerprint database construction phase and online positioning phase. In [ 39 ], by employing the fingerprint database as the training set, the maximum likelihood position of the target could be deduced through statistical inference.…”

“…An indoor positioning system is a vital technique as it enables a series of position-based Internet of things (IoT) applications, including smart cities [ 1 , 2 ], healthcare [ 3 ], emergency rescue [ 4 , 5 ], occupancy prediction [ 6 , 7 ], and intelligent buildings [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Generally, accurate and real-time position data are required in the aforementioned GNSS-denied scenarios, which are usually hindered by complex indoor structures, real-time environmental changes, multipath interferences, and so on.…”

“…In typical fingerprint-based indoor positioning systems (FIPS) [ 15 , 16 ], base stations are deployed as access points (APs) that transmit signals to terminal fingerprint collection devices, such as Wi-Fi [ 17 ], Bluetooth [ 18 ], and ZigBee signals [ 19 ]. The so-called fingerprint denotes arbitrary signal features that can distinguish locations, such as the received signal strength (RSS) [ 2 , 20 ], channel impulse response (CIR) [ 21 ], and power delay Doppler profile (PDDP). Based on the fingerprints collected by the terminal devices, two positioning phases were constructed.…”

Associated Information and Communication Technologies Challenges of Smart City Development

“…Another skill gap is the lack of skilled labor that can handle sophisticated cyber-physical systems in smart cities. Cyber physical systems consist of thousands of IoT devices and sensors; hence, effectively managing them requires trained professionals [25]. Other causes lie in overly advanced services, poor digital literacy and skills, and personal attitude barriers [64,90].…”