Black carbon and fine particle emissions in Finnish residential wood combustion: Emission projections, reduction measures and the impact of combustion practices

Emission factors for SLCP emissions from residential wood combustion in the Nordic countries

“…This is in accordance with e.g. Savolahti et al, (2016) where it is stated that typically the share of BC increases along with combustion efficiency. A simplified explanation is that at inefficient combustion, condensable organic substances which contribute to the amount of PM 2.5 (and OC) are produced.…”

“…The emission factors and ranges summarised in Klimont et al (2016), in Savolahti et al (2016) and in Andersen & Hvidberg (2017) are largely comparable to the results in this project. Savolahti et al 2016 Note: *Min and max, including all combustion conditions tested. ** Min and max in parenthesis.…”

“…If bad combustion conditions are to be taken into consideration in the emission factor (EF), the equation below can be used (Savolahti et al, 2016):…”

“…In Table 28 emission measurement results from this project are briefly compared to published data in Klimont et al (2016), Savolahti et al (2016) and in Andersen & Hvidberg (2017). The ranges in the table may represent different types of combustion conditions, from nominal conditions to various types of "bad" combustion conditions.…”

“…Savolahti et al (2016) present emission factors for PM 2.5 and BC for residential wood combustion appliances common in Finland. Most of the emission factors are equal to or very similar to those presented as Finnish national emission factors in Table 20 -Table 27, but there is a higher technology differentiation and more appliance types are included in Savolahti et al There is for example information for conventional and for modern masonry heaters, as well as for conventional and modern sauna stoves (see Table 28).…”