Emission factors for SLCP emissions from residential wood combustion  in the Nordic countries

Kindbom, Karin; Mawdsley, Ingrid; Nielsen, Ole-Kenneth; Saarinen, Kristina; Jónsson, Kári; Aasestad, Kristin

doi:10.6027/tn2017-570

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A study focusing on technical emission reduction potentials from residential biomass combustion in Denmark, Finland and Sweden was performed in a Nordic cooperation during 2017 (Kindbom et al 2018). In the study, technology and behavior specific emission factors developed from the measurement programme performed in the second phase of this project were used (Kindbom et al 2017. Technology scenarios were developed based on national projections of future biomass fuel consumption in different combustion technologies in the three countries (Figure 25) In the scenario called expected technology the national activity data projections (technologies and fuel use) were adapted into technology types where emission factors from the Nordic measurement programme were available.…”

Section: Nordic Study On Technical Reduction Potentials Of Slcp From mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SLCPs have, in comparison to the long lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), a short residence time in the atmosphere. As a first step a Background analysis was performed (Kindbom et al 2015 ) to summarise current Nordic knowledge, emission inventories and emission levels, and to lay the basis for the emission measurement program which was performed in the second phase of the project (Kindbom et al 2017 ). As described in the background analysis, residential biomass combustion is identified as a major source for SLCP emissions in the Nordic countries.…”

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measures to reduce emissions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) in the Nordic countries

Kindbom¹,

Yaramenka²,

Helbig³

et al. 2018

TemaNord

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A number of measures to abate emissions of SLCPs are, to varying degrees, already in place in the Nordic countries. National emission projections, taking existing legislation and measures into account, show that total emissions of black carbon (BC) and methane (CH4) are expected to decrease to 2030. In the future, residential biomass combustion and transport will be important sources of BC, as will agriculture and waste management for CH4-emissions. The objective in this part of the project was to identify efficient additional measures to reduce emissions of SLCPs beyond the current emission projections. The assessment primarily covers BC and CH4, but as BC is part of emitted particulate matter (PM2.5) and many measures are focusing on PM2.5, reduction of PM2.5 emissions is also included in the analysis. Both technical measures, such as filters or improved technologies, and non-technical measures, such as promoting behavioural changes favouring reduced emissions are discussed in this report. A combined SLCP analysis using the GAINS model (and based on the ECLIPSE 1 project results for the Nordic countries) was carried out and additional technical measures for reduced SLCP emissions in the individual Nordic countries were assessed. The analysis shows that in order to reach the modelled technical emission reduction potential for black carbon, measures within the residential wood combustion sector should be prioritized. Among the efficient technical measures are replacement of older boilers and heating stoves with new appliances, installation of ESP (electrostatic precipitator) and high-efficiency dedusters, and fuel switch from wood logs to pellets. According to the model results, these measures would provide the highest reduction potential for BC for Denmark, Finland and Sweden, while for Norway good practice in flaring in oil and gas industries has the highest reduction potential. In Iceland the introduction of EUR 6/VI on 100% of road diesel transport is most important. The measures in the model aimed at residential combustion can reduce BC emissions in 2030 by 3.7 kt-which is about 79% of the estimated total technical BC emission reduction potential in the Nordic countries. Further emission reductions can be achieved by speeding up the diesel vehicle fleet renewal to EUR 6/VI. For methane, the large part of the emission reduction potential lies within the waste management and wastewater treatment sector (anaerobic treatment with gas recovery and upgrade), oil and gas industries, and gas distribution networks (primarily in Norway and Denmark). Full realization of the SCLP emission reduction strategy in 2030 in the Nordic countries would bring significant health benefits 2 for the whole Europe (> 60,000 life years gained)-and reduced climate impact (by ~14 Million tons CO2 equivalents).

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Section: Nordic Study On Technical Reduction Potentials Of Slcp From mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures to reduce emissions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) in the Nordic countries

Kindbom¹,

Yaramenka²,

Helbig³

et al. 2018

TemaNord

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“…The cast iron wood stove (Portuguese stove) is representative of a closed burning appliance and the traditional open fireplace of an open burning appliance used in Portugal. It should be noted that emissions from wood combustion appliances depend not only on the fuel and appliance used, but also on operational practices and maintenance [36,37].…”

Section: Firewood Consumption In Portugalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evergreen Oak Biomass Residues for Firewood

Malico¹,

Gonçalves²,

Sousa³

2021

Forest Biomass - From Trees to Energy

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This chapter presents the assessment of the availability for residential heating of residual biomass from cork and holm oaks in a 12,188 ha agroforest area in Portugal. First, the above-ground biomass of evergreen oaks using very high spatial resolution satellite images was determined, followed by the definition of different scenarios for residues removal from the stands. The useful energy potential of the firewood that can be collected from the study area under the various silviculture scenarios was determined considering different energy conversion technologies: open fireplaces (still popular in Portugal) and more efficient closed burning appliances. Additionally, emissions of airborne pollutants from combusting all the available residual biomass in the study area were determined. Depending on the percentage of residues collected when the trees are pruned and on the conversion technologies used, the energy potential of evergreen oak firewood ranged from 5.0 × 106 MJ year−1 to 7.5 × 107 MJ year−1. Heavier pruning combined with the use of open fireplaces generates less useful heat and much higher emissions of pollutants per unit useful energy produced than lighter pruning combined with a more efficient technology. This case study illustrates the need to promote the transition from inefficient to more efficient and cleaner technologies.

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“…To make emissions from the residential sector more complete and accurate, the countries conduct surveys aimed at collecting more detailed data on combustion. Surveys include questions on both technical aspects (types and age of used installations) and behavioural patterns (load size, ignition method, using bad quality fuel) -all these parameters affect emission factors (Kindbom et al 2017). A methodological challenge that the Nordic countries struggle with is harmonizing available activity data (most often provided by energy agencies on a rather coarse level of aggregation) with more detailed technology-specific emission factors.…”

Section: Black Carbon Emission Inventories and Projections In The Normentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technology-based emission factors are to prefer, both in the modelling and in the compilation of the emission inventories. Emission simulations for the two considered cases (current GAINS model emission factors and the EMEP/EEA Guidebook-based emission factors) can be complemented by other possible emission factors sets -in particular, recently developed emission factors for heating stoves presented inKindbom et al 2017, or by national emission factors. Harmonization of the technology-specific emission factors used in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook and in the GAINS model should be continued and further developed; both sources require regular updates based on the latest measurement results.…”

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confidence: 99%