Bitter Pit in Apple Fruit

Ferguson, Ian B.; Watkins, Christopher B.

doi:10.1002/9781118060841.ch8

Cited by 234 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…Maçãs 'Fuji' são consideradas pouco suscetíveis ao "bitter pit" (Ferguson & Watkins, 1989). Nesta cultivar, não houve ocorrência do distúrbio nos diferentes tratamentos avaliados, em ambos os anos (dados não apresentados).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…O "bitter pit" é um distúrbio pós-colheita em maçãs, ocasionado pela defi ciência de Ca, e agravado pela existência de altos teores de Mg, K e N nos frutos (Ferguson & Watkins, 1989;Amarante et al, 2006). A análise nutricional dos frutos, em ambas as cultivares, não apresentou diferenças quanto aos teores de Ca, Mg, K e N nos tecidos da casca e da polpa entre tratamentos com AVG (dados não apresentados).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Em maçãs 'Scarletspur Delicious', também não foi observado efeito do tratamento com AVG nos teores de minerais no suco dos frutos (Drake et al, 2005b). No entanto, além do aspecto nutricional, a incidência de "bitter pit" é maior em frutos colhidos em estádio menos avançado de maturação (Ferguson & Watkins, 1989). Isto explica, em parte, a maior ocorrência de "bitter pit" em frutos tratados com AVG, em relação ao tratamento-controle, para uma mesma data de colheita (Figuras 2A e 2B), já que este composto retarda a maturação, pela inibição da síntese de etileno.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

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Coloração do fruto, distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças em maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' pulverizadas com aminoetoxivinilglicina

2010

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da pulverização pré-colheita de macieiras 'Gala' e 'Fuji' com aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) sobre a qualidade dos frutos e a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos de 2005 e 2006, com pulverização de AVG (30 dias antes do início da colheita comercial dos frutos) nas doses de 0; 125 e 250 mg L-1, sendo que, na segunda safra, também foi utilizada a dose de 62,5 mg L-1. Em maçãs 'Gala', o aumento na dose de AVG reduziu o desenvolvimento de coloração vermelha e a permeância à perda de água na casca. Nesta mesma cultivar, em frutos avaliados após armazenamento refrigerado (três meses a 0±0,5ºC/90-95% UR), seguido de uma semana de vida de prateleira (20±4ºC/60-70% UR), o tratamento pré-colheita com AVG aumentou a incidência de "bitter pit", porém reduziu a incidência de escaldadura, rachadura peduncular e podridões. Em maçãs 'Fuji', o aumento na dose de AVG reduziu a incidência e a severidade de pingo-de-mel em frutos colhidos tardiamente. A pulverização com AVG aumentou a severidade de mancha foliar de 'Gala' (Glomerella cingulata).

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Coloração do fruto, distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças em maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' pulverizadas com aminoetoxivinilglicina

2010

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“…Bitter pit is the most frequent physiological disorder in countries of high apple production (Ferguson and Watkins 1989). In all years of the research, a large part of the fruit losses caused by post-cold storage physiological disorders were attributable to bitter pit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of ethylene production as a method for determining the optimum harvest date of ‘Jonagored’ apples

Łysiak

2014

Folia Horticulturae

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The measurement of ethylene concentration in the apple core is considered a good method of determining OHD, but requires high accuracy and expensive equipment. The measurement of ethylene production seems to be a technologically easier method. During research conducted in the years [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008], measurements of ethylene production were evaluated as a method for determining the harvest maturity of 'Jonagored' apples intended for storage. Measurements were carried out every 4-5 days starting a few weeks before the estimated harvest date. Apples were picked on four dates and after five months the loss of mass, firmness, TSS and TA was measured, the incidence of physiological disorders and fungal diseases was assessed and sensory tests were conducted to evaluate storability. Based on this evaluation it was determined which of those dates was OHD. After a period of low ethylene production, the production accelerated rapidly to reach an average level between 10.0 and 12.5 ppm kg -1 hr -1 on the OHD. Later, ethylene production rose still more sharply and quickly reached several dozens of ppm kg -1 hr -1 . The accuracy of the new method was compared with other methods used to determine the maturity stage. The results obtained through the measurement of ethylene production showed the least deviation from the six-year average and only the results obtained using the Streif index method, which may be unreliable for some cultivars according to the literature, had a comparable margin of error.Ke y wor d s: firmness, fungal diseases, maturity, physiological disorders, Streif index Abbreviations:OHD -Optimum harvest date, TA -titratable acidity, TSS -total soluble solids

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“…Golden Delicious infiltrated with Mg, which was due to a high Mg/Ca ratio. Calcium and Mg will exchange for each other (FERGUSON, WATKINS 1989) and Mg will reduce Ca uptake into fruit tissue. For the cv.…”

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Effects of applications of a complex and N-Ca fertilizer on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in two apple cultivars

Sotiropoulos¹,

Therios²,

Dimassi³

et al. 2005

Hort. Sci. (Prague)

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this research was to study the effects of application of 'hydrocomplex' (H) and 'Norway nitrate' (NN) fertilizers on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in the following apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars (cvs. Black Ben Davis were 10 years old and grafted on MM 106 rootstock. The orchard was well managed and yield was approximately 60 kg/tree.)The experimental trees were central-leader trained and planted at a spacing of 4 × 5 m. Control plants were not fertilized. At the end of March, hydrocomplex (H) (12-11-18, MgO: 2.65%, S: 19.9%, B: 0.015%, Fe: 0.35%, Mn: 0.02%, Zn: 0.02%) and Norway nitrate (NN) (15.5% N, 19% Ca) fertilizers were applied at 0-75 kg per 0.1 hectare, in the following combinations: control, 25NN, 50NN, 75NN, 25H, 50H, 75H, 25NN + 75H, 50NN + 50H and 75NN + 25H. The previous year's fertilization per 0.1 hectare consisted of 35 kg N, 12 kg P and 20 kg K. The soil properties of the experimental orchard are given in Table 1. The soil samples were air dried, crushed to pass a 2-mm screen and analysed for pH at a 1:1 soil to water ratio, electrical conductivity in a 1:5 soil to water extract, texture (hydrometer method), CaCO 3 with a volumetric calcimeter and organic matter content after wet oxidation (PAGE et al. 1982).Leaf samples were collected on July 15 (mid-summer). Leaves were collected from the middle of moderately vigorous shoots from each tree around the canopy periphery, at shoulder height. Fruit samples were collected on September 15 (harvest period). All samples were initially washed once with tap water and twice with distilled water. Leaf samples were dried in a forced draft oven at 68 o C for 72h and ground in a mill to pass a 30 mesh screen. Fruit samples were freeze dried. Nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl's procedure, B by the azomethine-H method (WOLF 1971), P by the ammonium phosphovanadomolybdate method (JACKSON 1970) and K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flesh firmness was measured by an Effegi penetrometer (11 mm tip). Soluble solids analysis was performed with an Atago PR-1 electronic refractometer.The experiment was conducted and repeated for two years and the reported data are the means of the two years. The adopted experimental design was a randomized block with 10 replications of 10 treatments (fertilizer combinations) per cultivar. Diffe- 11 rences between means of nutrient concentrations of leaves and fruits were evaluated using L.S.D. at P < 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONApplication of 50 kg NN, 75 kg NN, 50 kg NN plus 50 kg H and 75 kg NN plus 25 kg H per 0.1 hectare significantly increased leaf Ca concentration of the cvs. Golden Delicious and Black Ben Davis (data shown for the cv. Golden Delicious) in comparison with the control on July 15 (Fig. 1). The role of Ca in postharvest physiology has been extensively studied. Calcium affects fruit quality and senescence by altering intracellular processes and the rate of fruit softening depends on Ca status. Calcium also plays...

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Bitter Pit in Apple Fruit

Cited by 234 publications

References 230 publications

Coloração do fruto, distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças em maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' pulverizadas com aminoetoxivinilglicina

Coloração do fruto, distúrbios fisiológicos e doenças em maçãs 'Gala' e 'Fuji' pulverizadas com aminoetoxivinilglicina

Measurement of ethylene production as a method for determining the optimum harvest date of ‘Jonagored’ apples

Effects of applications of a complex and N-Ca fertilizer on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in two apple cultivars

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