Bisphenol A induces feminization in Xenopus laevis tadpoles

Xenopus laevis is a potential alternative model animal species to study reproductive toxicity of phytoestrogens

“…In 1999, Kloas et al reported that bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol caused a significantly higher number of female phenotypes compared to control X. laevis, which is the first evidence that endocrine disruptor can induce feminization in X. laevis (1999). Since then, there has been increasing data on feminizing effects of endocrine disruptors on X. laevis, such as atrazine, polychlorinated biphenyls and bisphenol A (Hayes et al, 2002;Qin et al, 2003;Levy et al, 2004) despite contrary results reported as well Carr et al, 2003). In this study, we for the first time report that the phytoestrogen quercetin also has influence on the gonadal developemt in X. laevis.…”

“…Miyata et al treated X. laevis with 100 g/L estradiol (E 2 ) and obtained 100% females (1999). There is increasing evidence that endocrine disruptors with estrogenic activities also can induce gonadal feminization in X. laevis and affect sexual hormone homeostasis (Kloas et al, 1999;Hayes et al, 2002;Qin et al, 2003;Levy et al, 2004). In our previous study, X. laevis was suggested to be good model animal for assaying endocrine disruptors (Qin et al, 2003).…”

Association of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals with total organic carbon in riverine water and suspended particulate matter from the Pearl River, China

“…Among these classes of chemicals, steroid estrogens (such as estrone [E1], 17b-estradiol [E2], and 17a-ethynylestradiol [EE2]) and phenolic xenoestrogens (such as alkylphenols and bisphenol A [BPA]) deserve particular attention because the former possesses the highest estrogenicity and the latter has moderate estrogenic potency and widespread applications. Their adverse effects on the reproductive functions of aquatic species (e.g., feminization of male fish, snail, and tadpoles, and induction of vitellogenin for male fish and turtle) and influence on humans (e.g., breast cancer) have been observed worldwide [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China

“…EDCs consist of a wide range of natural and man-made chemicals, most of which are released to natural waters by anthropogenic activities and whose adverse effects on normal reproductive functions of aquatic species have widely been confirmed (Jobling et al, 1996;Routledge et al, 1998;Oehlmann, 2000;Irwin et al, 2001;Levy et al, 2004). For instance, widespread estrogenic chemical input has been regarded as an important factor related to the decline of fish abundance in freshwater systems (Jobling et al, 1998;Burkhardt-Holm et al, 2005;Kidd et al, 2007).…”