Abstract:The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus still cause devastating effects to humans, agricultural poultry flocks, and wild birds. Wild birds are also detected to carry H5N1 over long distances and are able to introduce it into new areas during migration. In this article, our objective is to provide lists of bird species potentially involved in the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Qinghai Lake, which is an important breeding and stopover site for aquatic birds along the Central A… Show more
“…Three major Asian migratory bird flyways, the Central Asian, East Asian-Australasian and West Pacific flyways have major stop-over sites in China [3, 4]. Qinghai Lake in Northwest China is one of the most important breeding and stopover sites for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway [5]. In 2005 an outbreak of H5N1 in wild birds occurred in Qinghai Lake, and the viruses carried by wild bird migration from Qinghai Lake contributed to the global H5N1 prevalence and to the increase in human H5N1 influenza virus infections [6–10].…”
BackgroundAvian influenza virus (AIV) causes both severe outbreaks and endemic disease among poultry and has caused sporadic human infections in Asia, furthermore the routes of transmission in avian species between geographic regions can be numerous and complex. Using nucleotide sequences from the internal protein coding segments of AIV, we performed a Bayesian phylogeographic study to uncover regional routes of transmission and factors predictive of the rate of viral diffusion within China.ResultsWe found that the Central area and Pan-Pearl River Delta were the two main sources of AIV diffusion, while the East Coast areas especially the Yangtze River delta, were the major targets of viral invasion. Next we investigated the extent to which economic, agricultural, environmental and climatic regional data was predictive of viral diffusion by fitting phylogeographic discrete trait models using generalised linear models.ConclusionsOur results highlighted that the economic-agricultural predictors, especially the poultry population density and the number of farm product markets, are the key determinants of spatial diffusion of AIV in China; high human density and freight transportation are also important predictors of high rates of viral transmission; Climate features (e.g. temperature) were correlated to the viral invasion in the destination to some degree; while little or no impacts were found from natural environment factors (such as surface water coverage). This study uncovers the risk factors and enhances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of AIV in bird populations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Three major Asian migratory bird flyways, the Central Asian, East Asian-Australasian and West Pacific flyways have major stop-over sites in China [3, 4]. Qinghai Lake in Northwest China is one of the most important breeding and stopover sites for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway [5]. In 2005 an outbreak of H5N1 in wild birds occurred in Qinghai Lake, and the viruses carried by wild bird migration from Qinghai Lake contributed to the global H5N1 prevalence and to the increase in human H5N1 influenza virus infections [6–10].…”
BackgroundAvian influenza virus (AIV) causes both severe outbreaks and endemic disease among poultry and has caused sporadic human infections in Asia, furthermore the routes of transmission in avian species between geographic regions can be numerous and complex. Using nucleotide sequences from the internal protein coding segments of AIV, we performed a Bayesian phylogeographic study to uncover regional routes of transmission and factors predictive of the rate of viral diffusion within China.ResultsWe found that the Central area and Pan-Pearl River Delta were the two main sources of AIV diffusion, while the East Coast areas especially the Yangtze River delta, were the major targets of viral invasion. Next we investigated the extent to which economic, agricultural, environmental and climatic regional data was predictive of viral diffusion by fitting phylogeographic discrete trait models using generalised linear models.ConclusionsOur results highlighted that the economic-agricultural predictors, especially the poultry population density and the number of farm product markets, are the key determinants of spatial diffusion of AIV in China; high human density and freight transportation are also important predictors of high rates of viral transmission; Climate features (e.g. temperature) were correlated to the viral invasion in the destination to some degree; while little or no impacts were found from natural environment factors (such as surface water coverage). This study uncovers the risk factors and enhances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of AIV in bird populations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Therefore, the lack of detection of the viruses in the birds of present study may be associated with the captured species, which were mostly resident species with terrestrial habits. Cui et al (2011) stated that only aquatic birds of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes are natural hosts of Influenza virus, and in our study, these two orders of aquatic birds accounted for only 18% of the total sample.…”
The Pantanal is the world's largest wetland biome with a seasonal flood pulse that attracts a great diversity of birds, many of which are migratory. Birds can be natural reservoirs Influenza A, West Nile and Newcastle Disease viruses. However, the occurrence of carriers for these viruses in the Pantanal was not verified yet. The present study evaluated the occurrence of natural infection by Influenza A, WN and ND virus of birds in the municipality of Poconé, a subregion of the Pantanal in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 76 birds belonging to 11 orders and 20 families were captured using mist nets. The most representative order was Passeriformes, followed by the other nine orders, which included Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Charadriiformes and Anseriformes. The most representative family was Thamnophilidae, with 16 individuals (21.0%), followed by the family Tyrannidae with 10 individuals (7.6%) and the family Furnariidae, with eight individuals (10.5%). The bird species were identified, and cloacal and tracheal swab samples were collected. The samples were subjected to RNA extraction and tested for the presence of the three agents by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All the sampled birds were considered healthy, had no clinical sign of infection, and were tested negative for the three viruses. Based on our findings, we can conclude that Influenza, West Nile and Newcastle Disease viruses were absent from the samples in this region of the Pantanal wetlands during the period of this study.
“…The cause of the 2004 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H7N3, in British Columbia, Canada, was unknown; however, it has been shown that migratory birds can play an important role in the dispersal of influenza A, avian viruses (Webster et al, 1992;Keawcharoen et al, 2008;Cui et al, 2011;Prosser et al, 2011). A similar outbreak of HPAI, subtype H5N1, among village poultry farms in Romania, was associated with exposure to wild migratory waterfowl in the area (Ward et al, 2009).…”
Section: Agentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some disease-causing microorganisms can survive within an avian host for an extended period of time; for example, mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) experimentally-infected with Newcastle Disease virus showed persistent infection and viral shedding for more than two months following exposure (Vickers and Hanson, 1982). Consequently, infected birds might carry micro-organisms during migration (Rappole et al, 2000;Hess and Paré, 2004;Owen et al, 2006;Cui et al, 2011;Prosser et al, 2011). Although migratory birds have the capacity to carry several different poultry diseases (Table 1), this paper will focus on diseases spread by waterfowl, with an emphasis on influenza A, avian virus, to illustrate the potential role that birds play in disease dispersal.…”
Section: Migration and Disease Dispersalmentioning
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