A meta-analysis of 126 published studies shows that exposure to artificial light at night induced strong responses for physiological measures, daily activity patterns and lifehistory traits.

Many birds are able to modify migratory strategies when selection favours an adjustment. Climate change is provoking a range of responses from avian migrants and affecting their relationship with other biological systems. This is the first part of a two-part review that aims to summarise the available literature on the impact of climate change on migratory birds and how those changes will subsequently affect the spread of poultry diseases. Part I reviews the effects of climate change on the ecology of avian migrants; it was found that climate change has evoked several changes in birds, including changes in avian phenology, poleward shifts in avian distributions, modification of migratory distances, direction and activity, and alterations to movement patterns and destinations. Based on predictions for future climatic trends, climate change will continue to favour changes in avian migratory strategies and behaviour, emphasising the importance of investigating how these adjustments will affect the relationship between avian migrants and bird-borne pathogens.geographic areas have experienced consistently warmer winters and earlier spring conditions (Houghton, 2005). Precipitation in Canada is estimated to increase by approximately 20% for the overall annual mean, with winter precipitation expected to increase by approximately 30% by the year 2100 (Bates et al., 2008). However, this increase will likely occur in the form of extreme precipitation events rather than a consistent rise (Palmer and Raisanen, 2002). Climate change will likely increase the instability of weather conditions, provoking a series of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heavy rainfall, and sequences of strong hurricanes, cyclones, and heat waves, for areas all over the world (IPCC, 2007).Three adaptive strategies have been described in birds as a response to climate change: 1) dispersal into new and acceptable habitats; 2) remaining within their endemic range and adjustment by means of phenotypic plasticity; and 3) adaptation to new conditions via selective genetic changes (Bradshaw and Holzapfel, 2008;Davis et al., 2005;Gienapp et al., 2008). However, as outlined in the review by Crick (2004), there are factors that could prevent or inhibit adaption amongst different bird species: 1) an absence of phenotypic and/or genotypic variability preventing a species from responding to climate change; 2) a lack of dispersal ability that prevents birds from moving into new areas when their own microclimate changes; 3) specialisation, such that species with narrow niches will likely face additional pressure to adapt as climate change rapidly alters their environment; 4) population size, such that the predicted increase in climate variability will likely have a greater impact on species with small population sizes; 5) an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events; 6) a reduction in the abundance and quality of habitat resulting from climate change; and 7) changes in species ranges that could alter interactions between species caus...

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The ranges of species are shifting as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. In the marine realm biogeographic transition zones could form barriers to dispersal and inhibit range-shift, but little is known about this potential effect. The hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus appeared in the UK in 2016 with the nearest reproducing population being on the northern coast of Brittany. This raises questions of which conditions may have permitted C. erythropus to cross the English Channel (7.25°W, 49.00°N) and whether this barrier could be overcome by other intertidal species. Dispersal simulations suggest the larvae of C. erythropus arrived in 2014, originated from North Brittany, experienced a mean temperature of around 16 °C, and took longer than 20 days to be transported across the channel. The transportation of larvae from Brittany to the southwest UK appears to be rare and driven by occasional, unusual ocean currents. The English Channel may continue to prevent species with pelagic larvae that settle within 20 days, such as many species of gastropod, annelids, and macroalgae, from successfully range expanding to the UK. North Brittany was the only landmass from which it is feasible the UK population of C. erythropus could have originated. Therefore, species with long-lived pelagic larvae but without reproducing populations in North Brittany may not appear in the southwest UK until the species are established in North Brittany. The English Channel could continue to limit the ability of many intertidal species to shift their range with climate change.

Novel biotic interactions in shifting communities play a key role in determining the ability of species' ranges to track suitable habitat. To date, the impact of biotic interactions on range dynamics have predominantly been studied in the context of interactions between different trophic levels or, to a lesser extent, exploitative competition between species of the same trophic level. Yet, both theory and a growing number of empirical studies show that interspecific behavioural interference, such as interspecific territorial and mating interactions, can slow down range expansions, preclude coexistence, or drive local extinction, even in the absence of resource competition. We conducted a systematic review of the current empirical research into the consequences of interspecific behavioural interference on range dynamics. Our findings demonstrate there is abundant evidence that behavioural interference by one species can impact the spatial distribution of another. Furthermore, we identify several gaps where more empirical work is needed to test predictions from theory robustly. Finally, we outline several avenues for future research, providing suggestions for how interspecific behavioural interference could be incorporated into existing scientific frameworks for understanding how biotic interactions influence range expansions, such as species distribution models, to build a stronger understanding of the potential consequences of behavioural interference on the outcome of future range dynamics.