Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements

Facile wet-chemical synthesis of differently shaped cuprous oxide particles and a thin film: Effect of catalyst morphology on the glucose sensing performance

“…In contrast to the conventional glucose oxidation (e.g., by using enzymatic glucose catalysts) that suggests the formation of gluconic acid, C-C bond cleavages take place. Further studies, in which copper-catalyzed oxidation products of different carbohydrates were analyzed by NMR and capillary electrophoresis measurements, found that the oxidation takes place under formation of carbonate and formate without any other side or intermediate products [30]. At lower potentials it is suggested that the 1,2 endiol form can be oxidized by Cu + under formation of glyculosonic acid, which subsequently generates smaller derivates by C-C bond cleavages [8].…”

“…In this connection, a direct comparison to the cuprite thin film, which was grown directly on the GC electrode, could be made. Unfortunately, the sensitivity and LOD of the thin film is not in range for a commercially available glucose sensor device described in the literature (normal physiological glucose concentration: 5.5 mM) [30,36]. However, the results are promising for a basic understanding of the future electrode design for two reasons: First, it is possible to carry out a direct electrode modification resulting in a nanostructured surface by a simple surface wrinkling process.…”

Recent Advances of Activatable Molecular Probes Based on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles in Sensing and Imaging

“…However, chemical mediators in signal transduction2 and diseases hallmarks3 in pathological conditions are usually in low quantity and have sophisticated biological functions. The diversity and complexity of the microenvironment of living organisms create additional challenges to detect the target of interest 4. Molecular probes have been widely used to detect biomarkers and molecular events in living organisms, which can be divided to “always on” and activatable probes 5.…”

Opening windows on new biology and disease mechanisms: development of real-time in vivo sensors

“…It is now widely acknowledged that the fundamental aetiology of many disease states can be understood at the molecular level. Over the past half a century there has been a push towards the development of novel technologies to probe the in vivo molecular status of biological systems for diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapies [1]. This Theme Issue will highlight some of the most recent exciting work in the fields of molecular-, nano-, and micro-scale devices for real-time in vivo sensing.…”

“…Although the range of in vitro biosensors is enormous, encompassing a huge variety of detection modalities with exquisite sensitivity, the range of in vivo sensors is significantly smaller owing to the unique challenges associated with in vivo sensing [1,6,7]. A particular concern is biocompatibility: any sensor must not only be biologically inert, but also not perturb the normal biology the sensor is interrogating.…”