Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins

Abstract

Lymphocytes (B, T and natural killer cells) and immunoglobulins are essential for the adaptive immune response against external pathogens. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits are the gold standards to detect immunoglobulins, B cells and T cells, whereas the impedance measurement is the most used technique for natural killer cells. For point-of-care, fast and low-cost devices, biosensors could be suitable for the reliable, stable and reproducible detection of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. In the literature, such biosensors are commonly fabricated using antibodies, aptamers, proteins and nanomaterials, whereas electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric techniques are used for detection. This review describes how these measurement techniques and transducers can be used to fabricate biosensors for detecting lymphocytes and the total content of immunoglobulins. The various methods and configurations are reported, along with the advantages and current limitations.

Emerging Biosensing Technologies towards Early Sepsis Diagnosis and Management

“…A biosensor is an analytical device that converts chemical/biochemical information into a useful analytical signal [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. It is always composed of two basic elements: a bioreceptor, a selective and specific biological recognition element such as enzyme(s), DNA, antibodies among others; and a transducer, which converts the receptor-analyte interaction into an analytical (i.e., optical or electrical) signal whose intensity is directly or inversely proportional to the analyte concentration [ 57 ].…”

Electrochemical Affinity Sensors Using Field Effect Transducer Devices for Chemical Analysis

“…Among the cited affinity biosensors, FET based biosensors were cited, the most cited one being from Seo et al [3]. Other recent reviews were devoted to biosensors for the diagnostics of other health deficiencies and among them FET based affinity biosensors: chronic obstructive pulmo- nary disease [15], immunodeficiency [16], neurodegenerative diseases [17], diabetes mellitus [18,19], cardiac failure [20], acute ischemic stroke [21], cancer [22][23][24] and different pathologies [25]. Two recent reviews were devoted to biosensors for the detection of contaminants in environmental matrices such as pesticides/herbicides [26] and pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds [27].…”

An impedimetric immunosensor for the selective detection of CD34+ T-cells in human serum

“…One of the critical steps in the manufacturing process is the efficient isolation, quantification, and characterization of the functionalised T-cells. Flow cytometry is the gold standard technique for that purpose, but it suffers from limitations such as lack of standardization in assays, instrument setup, laborious sample preparation, and expensive equipment and reagents [9]. Biosensors would instead allow in-line, on-line and/or atline monitoring of T-cell functionalisation in manufacturing, providing real time feedback, with excellent selectivity and sensitivity and no need for specialised personnel and equipment.…”

“…While Faradaic-based detection is indirect and requires the presence of a redox probe in solution limiting practical implementations, non-Faradaic (or capacitive) detection allows direct measurement of the target molecule in the sample, thus simplifying the operation [14,15]. Nevertheless, only a few electrochemical biosensors have been developed so far for T-cells detection, and to the best of our knowledge, none of them is for CD34 + Tcells [9].…”