Biosensors for D-Amino Acids: Detection Methods and Applications

Abstract

D-enantiomers of amino acids (D-AAs) are only present in low amounts in nature, frequently at trace levels, and for this reason, their biological function was undervalued for a long time. In the past 25 years, the improvements in analytical methods, such as gas chromatography, HPLC, and capillary electrophoresis, allowed to detect D-AAs in foodstuffs and biological samples and to attribute them specific biological functions in mammals. These methods are time-consuming, expensive, and not suitable for online application; however, life science investigations and industrial applications require rapid and selective determination of D-AAs, as only biosensors can offer. In the present review, we provide a status update concerning biosensors for detecting and quantifying D-AAs and their applications for safety and quality of foods, human health, and neurological research. The review reports the main challenges in the field, such as selectivity, in order to distinguish the different D-AAs present in a solution, the simultaneous assay of both L- and D-AAs, the production of implantable devices, and surface-scanning biosensors. These innovative tools will push future research aimed at investigating the neurological role of D-AAs, a vibrant field that is growing at an accelerating pace.

D-Amino Acids as a Biomarker in Schizophrenia

“…An adjusted D-amino acids detection supporting the examination of clinical specimens would also assist future studies in this field. In addition, an advanced tool with superior biosensors for D-amino acids as a biomarker will accelerate imminent research that is directed at discovering the neurological role of D-amino acids [105]. The roles of Damino acids and gut microbiota in the molecular pathogenesis of schizophrenia could be Consequently, decreased levels of D-Serine may be associated with schizophrenia, whereas increased D-Serine levels might be found in Alzheimer s disease.…”

Threshold Voltage Sensitivity Analysis of Surrounding Gate Mosfet for Biosensing Applications

“…The source and drain engineering techniques refer to the precisely varying doping of source and drain regions which gives an idea about the optimal doping over which the proposed biosensor shows the highest sensitivity. (DNA) [19] ρ = 0 (Hydrprotein) [20] ρ= +1*10 11 /cm 2 (Amino acids) [21] Simulator speci cations…”

D-Amino Acids and D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides: Potential Disease Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets?

“…These enzymatic assays provide the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity which allow the development of low-cost protocols and avoid the tedious and time-consuming steps in the analytical techniques [ 115 ]. Moreover, there is ongoing research to develop enzymatic biosensors for the rapid detection of D-amino acids [ 116 ]. Eventually, several biosensors were fabricated for the detection of D-amino acids in biological samples, and they showed rapid response, good sensitivity and high recovery of the added D-amino acids [ 117 , 118 ].…”

“…Eventually, several biosensors were fabricated for the detection of D-amino acids in biological samples, and they showed rapid response, good sensitivity and high recovery of the added D-amino acids [ 117 , 118 ]. Pundir et al and Rosini et al published excellent reviews on the use of biosensors for the detection of D-amino acids [ 116 , 119 ]. Similarly, for more deep details in the recent progress of the approaches for the detection of isomerism in peptides and proteins, see the review written by Erik T. Jansson [ 120 ].…”